He lived 1473 to 1543 and invented heliocentric theory of solar system.
He lived 1571 to 1630 and invented planetary-motion laws (Kepler's laws). Kepler's first law [1609] is planets move in elliptical orbits around Sun, with Sun at one ellipse focus. Kepler's second law [1609] is planets sweep out equal ellipse areas in equal times. Kepler's third law is planet period squared is proportional to average distance from Sun cubed.
He lived 1546 to 1601 and accurately recorded star and planet positions.
He lived 1656 to 1742 and discovered Halley's comet [1682].
She lived 1750 to 1848 and discovered nebulae [1783] and comets [1786 to 1797].
He lived 1885 to 1972 and measured star distances and Sun galaxy position [1911].
He lived 1897 to 1963 and studied star rotations.
He lived 1905 to 1950 and started radio astronomy [1931].
He lived 1911 to 2002 and studied radio galaxies using his invention, the radio telescope [1937].
He lived 1911 to 1960 and found Seyfert galaxies [1944].
He lived 1917 to 1986 and studied meteorites [1947 to 1953].
He lived 1900 to 1992 and found comet belt around solar system (Oort cloud) [1950].
He lived 1893 to 1960 and measured interstellar distances and studied Cepheid variable stars [1952].
He used infrared astronomy using his germanium bolometer [1961].
He lived 1901 to 1995 and found planet around Bernard's star [1963].
She lived 1943 to ? and discovered pulsars [1967].
He lived 1934 to 1996.
Egyptian astronomers noted eclipses and Moon phases.
Egyptian and Sumerian astronomers identified constellations and star motions.
Babylonian astronomers recorded Moon and Venus cycles.
He described Sun and Moon motions.
Egyptian astronomers measured years by the star Sothis (Sirius).
Aristotle wrote that Earth is spherical and people had known it for long time.
He lived -310 to -250, invented heliocentric theory [-260], calculated Earth-to-Sun distance to Earth-to-Moon distance ratio from angle at half moon, found Moon distance and size from Earth shadow on Moon during lunar eclipse, and stated causes of night and day and seasons.
He lived -190 to -120 and measured relative star brightness, equinox precession [-150], and Moon size from lunar-eclipse parallax [-130].
Mayan astronomers gathered to correct their two calendars.
She lived 1868 to 1921. Cepheid-variable brightness varies directly with logarithm of period {period-luminosity relationship} [1908 and 1912].
He lived 1873 to 1067 and studied star classification and evolution {Hertzsprung-Russell diagram} [1911].
He lived 1875 to 1969, measured extra-galactic-star and galaxy spectra, discovered that most spectra were red-shifted, and calculated their recessional velocities [1912].
He lived 1877 to 1057 and studied star classification and evolution (Hertzsprung-Russell diagram) [1913].
He lived 1899 to 1953, discovered galaxies (nebula) and classified them [1926], and compared galaxy recessional velocities and distances to formulate Hubble's law [1929, with Milton L. Humason].
He lived 1894 to 1966 and used general relativity to show that universe is expanding [1927], conjecturing that it began as a point (Primeval Atom) [1931].
He lived 1898 to 1974. Coma-cluster galaxies move so fast that the cluster would dissipate, so there must be more mass there [1933]. Gravitational lensing can test relativity, magnify distant objects, and find missing matter [1937].
He lived 1904 to 1968, predicted microwave background radiation [1948], and calculated helium and lithium production from hydrogen just after universe origin. He expanded Big-Bang theory, with Ralph Alpher, Robert Hermann, and James Follin.
He lived 1911 to 1995 and stated mass limit for making neutron star instead of white-dwarf star, 1.4 times solar mass (Chandrasekhar limit).
She lived 1919 to ? and demonstrated how red giant stars can make carbon, oxygen, and iron [1957: with Geoffrey Burbridge, William Fowler, and Fred Hoyle].
He lived 1915 to 2001, propounded universe steady-state theory, and demonstrated how red-giant stars can make carbon, oxygen, and iron [1957: with Geoffrey Burbridge, William Fowler, and Margaret Burbridge].
Galaxy bars and spirals are compressions in star galactic waves.
He lived 1920 to 2004 and propounded universe steady-state theory {time-symmetric universe}. He suggested that oil came to early Earth from space.
Penzias lived 1933 to ?. Wilson lived 1936 to ?. They discovered cosmic background radiation as uniform space black-body microwave noise, with temperature 3 K [1965].
He lived 1926 to ?. Hubble constant is decreasing [1969].
He lived 1919 to 2000 and found gravity waves [1969].
She lived 1928 to ?. Milky-Way-Galaxy star (and gas) rotation rate is faster than expected if all mass is visible matter, implying invisible matter [1973].
He lived 1948 to ?. Inflation never stops, because quantum fluctuations can randomly continue or stop (chaotic inflation) [1986], making many separate universes with different physical laws.
He lived 1942 to ? and studied pre-big-bang theories.
He showed that universe is expanding faster, not slowing, and hypothesized different energy type (dark energy) as cause [1998].
He showed that universe is expanding faster, not slowing, and hypothesized different energy type (dark energy) as cause [1998].
Our universe is one of many universes (multiverse), with different physical parameters.
He lived 1629 to 1695 and saw Venus clouds, Saturn rings, and Jupiter red spot. He invented a light-wave theory using Huygen's principle and contributed to calculus. He improved clocks {spiral balance spring}.
He lived 1625 to 1712 and invented two-mirror reflector telescope.
He lived 1879 to 1935 and invented Schmidt telescope [1931].
He lived 1646 to 1719 and found 300 star positions.
He lived 1730 to 1817 and published a star catalog [1771 to 1784].
He lived 1738 to 1822, studied infrared light [1773 to 1781], first saw Uranus [1781], and published a star catalog [1782 to 1802]. Solar system is moving through space [1783].
He lived 1799 to 1875 and found 300,000 star positions.
She lived 1863 to 1941, cataloged many stars, and invented star spectral classification system: O, B, A, F, G, K, and M.
He lived 1913 to ? and used radio astronomy at Jodrell Bank [1957].
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Date Modified: 2022.0225