Humans have 206 bones {skeleton}|. Bones are 18% of human body weight. Skeletons have heads, trunks, arms, and legs.
facial features {physiognomy}|.
Sponges have small silicate or calcium-carbonate needles {spicule, skeleton}| that hold soft tissue.
Knobs {tubercle, bone}| can be in skin or on bones.
Bone junctions {joint, bone}| have cartilage covers filled with synovial fluid.
Joints have cartilage covers filled with fluid {synovial fluid}.
leg and loin {haunch}|.
arm or leg {extremity}|.
sole or palm {volar}|.
Ulnar nerve is near surface just above elbow back {funny bone}|.
Thumbs move by muscles {thenar} at palm-side thumb base.
Cowboys can have legs that curve to outside at knee {bowleg}|.
leg {gam}.
knee-to-ankle lower leg {shank, leg}|.
thick neck {bull neck}.
head and shoulders {bust}.
cheek {jowl}.
People can have long thin jaws {lantern jaw}| and/or jaws that stick out.
neck back {nape}|.
short flattened turned-up nose {pug nose}.
nostrils {schnozzle}.
neck back {scruff}.
Bodies have regions {crotch}| where two legs meet trunk.
Bodies have regions {groin, body}| where inner legs meet trunk.
Quadrupeds have hip regions {hindquarter}|.
about groin {inguinal}|.
hips, groin, and lower abdomen {loin, trunk}|.
Malnourished or old horses can have downward curving backbone {swayback}|.
In vertebrates, trunks have parts {thorax, body}| between necks and diaphragms. In arthropods, thorax is second or middle body segment, between head and abdomen. In insects, thorax holds wings and true legs.
horse back between shoulder blades {withers}|.
bone {os, bone}.
red or yellow bone insides {marrow, bone}.
finger or toe {digit, finger or toe}|.
finger {phalange}|.
palm {metacarpal}|.
palm {palmar}|.
wrist {carpal}|.
lower arm {radius}|.
lower arm {ulna}|.
Forearm and upper arm share joint {elbow}|.
upper arm {humerus}|.
foot {metatarsal}|.
sole {plantar}|.
Bones {talus, bone} {anklebone}| {astragalus, bone} can join tibia and fibula at ankle.
ankle {tarsal}.
Seven small bones are in ankle {tarsus}|.
Long hairs {fetlock}| can grow on back lower legs.
lower leg {fibula}|.
lower leg {tibia}|.
knee-to-ankle front lower leg {shin}|.
kneecap {patella}|.
upper leg {femur}|.
Head bone {skull}| has cranium and face bones. Face bones are maxilla, mandible bone, temporal bone, and orbit. Sinus is around nose-bridge.
skull {brainpan}|.
head top {pate}|.
Skull has a brain cover {cranium}| and face bones.
Skull parietal bones fuse at top {sagittal}|. Vertical plane goes through sagittal line.
Porous skull {sinus}| is around nose-bridge.
Skull base has wedge-shaped bone {sphenoid, bone}.
cheek bone {mandible, cheek bone}|.
jaws {maxilla}|.
eye socket {orbit, eye}|.
temples {temporal bone}|.
Scapula and clavicle {pectoral girdle}| hold arms.
sacrum and ilium {sacroiliac}|.
shoulder blades {scapula}|.
collarbone {clavicle}|.
Birds can fuse clavicles to form V-shaped bone {wishbone}| anterior to breastbone.
breastbone {sternum}|.
Sternum parts {gladiolus, bone} can be above xiphisternum.
Sternum parts {manubrium} can be above xiphisternum.
The smallest sternum parts {xiphoid} {xiphisternum} can be below gladiolus and manubrium.
Surrounding neural cord are 33 backbones {vertebra, spine}| {spine, vertebra}, which have flexible joints. Vertebrae are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx.
neck {cervical}|.
ribs {thoracic}|.
lower back {lumbar}|.
pelvis {sacrum}|.
lower tip {coccyx}|.
Ileus, ischium, and pubis fuse {pelvic girdle} {pelvis}| to hold legs.
middle back {ileus}|.
sides {ischium}|.
front {pubis}|.
ribs {rib cage}|.
Top seven rib pairs {true rib}| {sternal rib} attach to sternum.
Bottom five rib pairs {false rib}| do not attach to sternum. Top three false ribs connect to costal cartilage of rib above them.
Bottom two false ribs {floating rib}| {fluctuating rib} {vertebral rib} have no attachment in front.
Dogs and cats have fast running skeletons {digitigrade}.
People have slow running skeletons {plantigrade}.
Horses and deer have the fastest running skeletons {unguligrade}.
Rib cage, sternum, and vertebrae make main skeleton {axial skeleton}.
Arm and leg bones {appendicular skeleton} relate to appendages.
Human skeletons are inside body {endoskeleton}.
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225