Air enters nose openings {external nares} {nostril}|.
After nostrils, air goes to open regions {nasal chamber} for smell and then goes to pharynx.
Above larynx, oral tract and nasal tract {vocal tract, throat}| produce speech.
Over larynx is a tissue flap {epiglottis}|.
Epiglottis has two epithelium folds {vocal cord}|, controlled by muscles that can vibrate air from 60 Hz to 350 Hz.
Birds can have thin muscles {syrinx}| that form vocal organ where trachea become bronchi.
Vocal cords are in upper middle larynx {glottis}|.
Air goes to throat {larynx}|. Larynx is behind adam's apple. In infants and vertebrates, flat tongue and high larynx allow simultaneous drinking and breathing, but adult humans have low larynx and downward curving tongue to make a sound chamber and allow non-nasal sounds. Early Homo sapiens [-400000] had tongue and larynx like modern people. Homo erectus had arching in larynx [-2000000], but Australopithecus had no arching and so only nasal sounds.
Larynx is behind cartilage {adam's apple}| at neck front.
4-Zoology-Organ-Respiration-Parts
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Date Modified: 2022.0225