Testing visual nerve pathways {visual pathways} can reveal neural activity related to visual sense qualities. Consciousness uses brain regions for attention, shape, and planning and goals [Chalmers, 2000] [Ffytche, 2000] [Kanwisher, 2001] [Lumer, 2000] [Lumer et al., 1998].
Scientists know visual pathways better than other sense pathways [Andersen et al., 1990] [Baizer et al., 1991] [Barbas, 1986] [Felleman and Van Essen, 1991] [Karnath, 2001] [Kennedy and Bullier, 1985] [Lewis and Van Essen, 2000] [Maunsell and Van Essen, 1983] [Rockland and Pandya, 1979] [Saleem et al., 2000] [Salin and Bullier, 1995] [Van Essen and Gallant, 1994] [Zeki and Shipp, 1988].
visual pathway level 01
Level 01 is from Retina to Lateral Geniculate Nucleus [LGN]. Damage affects sight, but processing is not sufficient for consciousness. Though retinal-cell distribution causes lower visual acuity outside fovea, sense qualities do not seem to have much lower acuity. Only two color-receptor types are in fovea, but sense qualities seem to have all colors. Few color receptors are outside fovea, but sense qualities seem to have all colors. Though retina has blind spot, people do not notice it. Eye movements can cause fuzziness, but sense qualities do not show much blurring. Blinking can cause darkness, but sense qualities are not black then.
visual pathway level 02
Level 02 is LGN, in Thalamus, to area V1. Damage affects sight, but processing is not sufficient for consciousness. LGN modulates stimuli received from retina, so it does not determine sense qualities, because retina does not.
visual pathway level 03
Level 03 is Superior Colliculus [SC] to LGN. Damage does not affect sight. SC just controls saccades.
Level 03 includes Pulvinar Nucleus and other brainstem nuclei to areas V1, V2, and SC. Damage does not affect sight. Brainstem nuclei just control gaze, pupil size, blinking, and daily rhythms.
Level 03 includes area V1 or Brodmann 17, in dorsal and ventral pathways, to areas V2, V3, PIP, V3A, PO, V4t, V4, MT, and MSTl. Damage affects sight, but processing is not sufficient for consciousness. Area V1 codes motions and objects separately, but these unite in sense qualities. People do not use V1 in dreams, which have sense qualities. V1 neuron responses stay the same when ambiguous-figure sense qualities alternate. V1 neuron responses can change with unconscious blinking, eye movement, and fast color alternation, though sense qualities stay the same.
visual pathway level 04
Level 04 is area V2, V2 dorsal [V2d], and V2 ventral [V2v], in dorsal and ventral pathways, to areas V3, VP, PIP, V3A, PO, V4, V4t, VOT, VIP, MSTd, MSTl, FST, and FEF. Damage affects sight, but processing is not sufficient for consciousness. V2 codes shape, contrast, depth, motion, edges, and figure separately, but these unite in sense qualities.
visual pathway level 05
Level 05 includes areas V3, V3 dorsal [V3d], and V3 ventral [V3v] in dorsal pathway to PIP, V3A, PO, MT, V4t, V4, VIP, LIP, MSTd, FST, FEF, and TF. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. V3 codes for fast response, not object images.
Level 05 includes Ventral Posterior [VP], in ventral pathway, to PIP, V3A, PO, MT, V4, VOT, VIP, LIP, FST, FEF, and TF. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. VP neuron responses reflect both retinal stimulation and sense qualities.
Level 06 includes Posterior Intraparietal [PIP] and Posterior Parietal complex [PPcx], in dorsal pathway, to PO, MT, V4, DP, and 7a. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. PIP just controls attention.
visual pathway level 06
Level 06 includes V3A, in ventral pathway, to PO, MT, V4, DP, LIP, MSTd, MSTl, FST, and FEF. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. V3a codes only for shape, but sense qualities include other features.
Level 07 includes Medial Dorsal Parietal [MDP], in dorsal pathway, to PO and 7a. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. MDP codes for fast response, not object images.
visual pathway level 07
Level 07 includes Medial Intraparietal [MIP], Intraparietal dorsal [IPd], and Intraparietal anterior [IPa], in dorsal pathway, to PO and 7a. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. MIP codes for fast response, not object images.
Level 07 includes Parietal-Occipital [V6] [PO], PO anterior [POa], PO anterior-internal [POa-i], PO anterior-external [POa-e], Lateral Occipital Parietal [V7] [LOP], Lateral Occipital Caudal [LOC], and Dorsal Medial Occipital complex [DMOcx], in dorsal pathway, to MDP, MIP, MT, V4t, DP, VIP, LIP, MSTd, MSTl, 7a, and FEF. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. PO codes for fast response, not object images.
Level 07 includes Medial Temporal [V5] [MT], MT caudal [MTc], Temporal A [TA], TA anterior [TAa], Temporal E [TE], TE anterior [TEa], TE medial [TEm], TE antero-dorsal [TEa-d], TE antero-ventral [TEa-v], TE anterior-medial [TEa-m], TE1, TE2, TE3, TE1-3, TE1-3 dorsal [TE1-3d], TE1-3 ventral [TE1-3v], and Temporal E Occipital [V8] [TEO], in dorsal and ventral pathways, to PO, V4t, V4, VIP, LIP, MSTd, MSTl, FST, FEF, 46, and Prefrontal. Processing is for objects. Most neurons are about perception.
Level 07 includes V4 transitional [V4t], V4t anterior [V4ta], and V4t posterior [V4tp], in ventral pathway, to PO, MT, V4, MSTd, MSTl, FST, and FEF. Cells can track sense qualities and unsensed alternative-figure perception.
Level 07 includes V4, in ventral pathway, to MT, V4t, DP, VOT, LIP, FST, PITd, PITv, FEF, CITd, CITv, AITv, 46, TF, and TH. Cells can track sense qualities and unsensed alternative-figure perception.
visual pathway level 08
Level 08 includes Dorsal Prelunate [V7] [DP], in dorsal pathway, to LIP, MSTd, MSTl, FST, 7a, FEF, and 36. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. DP codes for fast response, not object images.
Level 08 includes Ventral Occipital Temporal [V8] [VOT], Occipital Temporal A [OA], and OA anterior [OAa], in ventral pathway, to PITd and PITv. Processing is for space.
visual pathway level 09
Level 09 includes Ventral Intraparietal [VIP], VIP*, VIP lateral [VIPl], and VIP medial [VIPm], in dorsal pathway, to LIP, MSTd, MSTl, FST, 7a, and FEF. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. VIP codes for fast response, not object images.
Level 09 includes Lateral Intraparietal [LIP], LIP dorsal [LIPd], and LIP ventral [LIPv], in dorsal pathway, to VIP, MSTd, MSTl, FST, 7a, FEF, 46, and TF. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. LIP codes for fast response, not object images.
Level 09 includes Medial Superior Temporal dorsal [MSTd], MSTd anterior [MSTda], and MSTd posterior [MSTdp], in dorsal pathway, to VIP, LIP, FST, PITd, PITv, 7b, 7a, FEF, STPp, and TF. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. MSTd codes for fast response, not object images.
Level 09 includes Medial Superior Temporal lateral [MSTl], MST medial [MSTm], and MST complex [MSTcx], in dorsal pathway, to VIP, LIP, FST, 7a, FEF, and STPp. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. MSTl codes for fast response, not object images.
Level 09 includes Floor of Superior Temporal [FST], Ventral Superior Temporal [VST], and VST complex [VSTcx], in ventral pathway, to VIP, LIP, MSTd, MSTl, PITd, PITv, 7a, FEF, STPp, and TF. Processing is for space.
Level 09 includes Posterior Inferior Temporal dorsal [PITd] and Inferior Temporal complex [ITcx], in ventral pathway, to FST, PITv, FEF, CITv, AITd, AITv, and 46. Cells track whether sensation is on or off.
Level 09 includes Posterior Inferior Temporal ventral [PITv], in ventral pathway, to FST, PITd, FEF, CITd, CITv, AITd, AITv, TF, and TH. Cells track whether sensation is on or off.
visual pathway level 10
Level 10 includes Brodmann 7b [7b], in dorsal pathway, to 7a, STPp, and 36. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. 7b codes for fast response, not object images.
Level 10 includes Brodmann 7a [7a] and 7a lateral, in dorsal pathway, to 7b, FEF, STPa, AITd, 36, 46, TF, and TH. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. 7a codes for fast response, not object images.
Level 10 includes Frontal Enterofrontal [Brodmann 8] [FEF], in dorsal and ventral pathways, to 7a, STPp, CITd, CITv, AITd, and 46. FEF integrates fast responses and object perception.
Level 10 includes Superior Temporal Parietal posterior [STPp], Temporal-parietal [Tpt], Temporal-Parietal-Occipital [TPO], TPO caudal [TPOc], TPO intermediate [TPOi], TPO rostral [TPOr], Parietal Temporal G [PG], and PG anterior [PGa], in dorsal and ventral pathways, to 7b, FEF, CITd, CITv, STPa, 46, TF, TH, Striatum, and Prefrontal. Processing is for space, shape, and texture, but STPp has no topographic maps.
Level 10 includes Caudal Inferior Temporal dorsal [CITd], in ventral pathway, to FEF, STPp, AITd, AITv, 46, and TH. Processing is for shape and texture, but STPp has no topographic maps.
Level 10 includes Caudal Inferior Temporal ventral [CITv], in ventral pathway, to FEF, STPp, AITd, AITv, 46, TF, and TH. Processing is for shape and texture, but STPp has no topographic maps.
visual pathway level 11
Level 11 includes Superior Temporal Parietal anterior [STPa], in dorsal and ventral pathways, to AITd, 36, 46, TF, TH, 35, ER, Striatum, and Prefrontal. Processing is for shape and texture, but STPp has no topographic maps.
Level 11 includes Anterior Inferior Temporal dorsal [AITd], in ventral pathway, to STPa, 36, 46, TF, TH, Striatum, and Prefrontal. Processing is for shape and texture, but STPp has no topographic maps.
Level 11 includes Anterior Inferior Temporal ventral [AITv], in ventral pathway, to STPa, 36, 46, TF, TH, 35, HC, Striatum, and Prefrontal. Processing is for shape and texture, but STPp has no topographic maps.
visual pathway level 12
Level 12 includes Brodmann 36 [36], in dorsal pathway, to Brodmann 46, TF, TH, 35, ER, and HC. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. Brodmann 36 codes for fast response, not object images.
Level 12 includes Brodmann 46 [46], in dorsal and ventral pathways, to Brodmann 36, TF, TH, and ER. Brodmann 46 integrates fast responses and object perception.
Level 12 includes Temporal F [TF], in ventral pathway, to Brodmann 36, 46, and ER. Processing is about high-level object perception.
Level 12 includes Temporal H [TH], in ventral pathway, to Brodmann 36, 46, and ER. Processing is about high-level object perception.
visual pathway level 13
Level 13 is Brodmann 35 [35], in dorsal pathway, to ER. Processing is not sufficient for consciousness. Brodmann 35 codes for fast response, not object images.
visual pathway level 14
Level 14 is Entorhinal area [ER], in dorsal and ventral pathways, to HC. ER integrates fast responses and object perception.
visual pathway level 15
Level 15 includes Hippocampus [HC], in dorsal and ventral pathways. HC integrates fast responses and object perception. Processing is for memory.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224