At fourth ventricle, above spinal cord, brain regions {brainstem}| can have cervical flexure and cephalic flexure and contain midbrain and hindbrain [Parvizi and Damasio, 2001] [Zeman, 2001]. Brainstem includes cranial nerve nuclei.
hindbrain
Hindbrain contains pons near midbrain and medulla oblongata near spinal cord.
midbrain
Midbrain has noradrenergic lateral reticular system, noradrenergic locus coeruleus, serotoninergic raphe nucleus, dopaminergic basal midbrain nuclei, cholinergic sense nuclei, and histaminergic nuclei.
Histaminergic nuclei project in net over brain.
Cholinergic sense nuclei connect to cerebral cortex. Damage reduces cerebral activity and causes a dreamy state.
functions
Brainstem integrates signals for attention, sex, and consciousness. Consciousness requires higher brainstem.
Biological Sciences>Zoology>Organ>Nerve>Brain>Brainstem
4-Zoology-Organ-Nerve-Brain-Brainstem
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Date Modified: 2022.0224