Phagocyte-cell receptors {Toll-like receptor} (TLR) can recognize lipopeptides. TLR1 detects bacterial lipopeptides and parasite GPI-anchored proteins. TLR2 detects Gram-positive-bacteria cell-wall lipoteichoic acids. TLR3 detects virus double-stranded RNA. TLR4 detects Gram-negative bacteria by binding to lipopolysaccharide. TLR5 detects bacteria-flagella flagellin. TLR6 detects fungi zymosan. TLR7 detects virus single-stranded RNA. TLR8 detects virus single-stranded RNA. TLR9 detects bacterial and virus CpG sequences.
metabolism
Inside cells, TLRs make MyD88, Mal, Tram, and/or Trif. These make NF-kappaB, which enters cell nuclei to start cytokine production.
evolution
TLR are in plants and animals. Tobacco has N protein that detects tobacco mosaic virus. TLR probably started in one-celled organisms.
Biological Sciences>Zoology>Organ>Immune System>Protein>Cell Surface Receptor
4-Zoology-Organ-Immune System-Protein-Cell Surface Receptor
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Date Modified: 2022.0224