Body openings {orifice}| are at mouth and anus.
Space {perineum}| between vagina and rectum has muscle and other tissue.
lower trunk above hips {abdomen, human}.
large intestine {bowel}|.
abdomen {breadbasket}.
intestines {entrails}.
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines form a tube {gastrointestinal tract}| {GI tract}.
intestines {viscera}|.
Body has organs {vitals} necessary for life, such as heart, lungs, and brain.
Digestive organs have outermost connective-tissue coverings {adventitia}.
Fibrous connective tissue {fascia, tissue} surrounds organ or body cavity.
Digestive organs have tissue {parenchyma}, not including coverings and supports.
First, lips and mouth {mouth, body}| receive food.
mouth {maw}.
A muscular appendage {tongue muscle}| attached to mouth back has taste buds, pushes food onto teeth, and rolls food into boluses.
Tongue muscle pushes food onto teeth and rolls food into balls {bolus}. Muscles push bolus into pharynx.
Organs {pharynx}| after mouth receive Eustachian tubes and have swallowing reflexes.
Mouth roof {palate}| is hard in front and soft in back.
Palate front {hard palate}| has bone covered by mucosa.
Palate back {soft palate}| {velum} has connective tissue and muscle. Soft palate can close opening to nasal cavity while swallowing.
Soft palate has one cone {uvula}| hanging down, which can swell, causing snoring.
At throat back are two ovoid lymph-tissue regions {tonsil}|.
After pharynx, one tube {esophagus}| goes to stomach. Opening esophagus stimulates peristalsis down esophagus, to carry bolus to stomach.
Mouth glands {salivary gland}| secrete watery or mucous saliva, to hydrolyze starch to dextrins or glucose and to moisten food.
Salivary glands {parotid gland} can be near ear fronts.
Salivary glands {sublingual gland} can be under tongue.
Salivary glands {submaxillary gland} can be near jaw angle.
Mouth cutting, grinding, and chewing units {teeth, mouth}| can have roots, cementum, necks, gums, and crowns. Teeth are incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, and molars.
String {dental floss} can remove debris and bacteria from teeth.
toothpaste {dentifrice}.
People gain teeth sets {dentition} in sequence.
People can need replacement teeth {denture}|.
Upper teeth can not align with lower teeth {malocclusion}.
Front tooth can stick out {bucktooth}|.
Bacteria can form tooth film {calculus, teeth}|.
Bacteria can dissolve tooth enamel {cavity, teeth}|.
Bacteria can make layers {tartar}| on teeth.
Bacteria can dissolve tooth enamel {tooth decay}.
People have eight front teeth {incisor}|.
People have four cone-shaped teeth {canine teeth} {cuspid}|.
One pointed canine tooth {eyetooth}| is between incisor and premolar.
People have eight flattened two-pointed small teeth {pre-molar} {bicuspid}|.
People have twelve large flat teeth {molar, tooth}|. The first molars are six-year molars, behind baby teeth.
The last four molars {wisdom teeth}| {third molars} can be missing or embedded. Wisdom teeth appear at 17 to 21 years old.
People replace baby teeth with new sets {permanent tooth}|. People have 32 permanent teeth.
Children have first teeth sets {baby tooth}|. The 20 baby teeth include 8 incisors, 4 cuspids, and 8 bicuspids.
baby tooth {milk teeth}.
Teeth have parts {root, teeth} in jawbones, held with cementum.
Teeth roots are held in jawbone with glue {cementum}.
Teeth have inner layers {mesenchyme} with nerves.
Inner tooth {dental pulp} {pulp, teeth} has blood vessels and nerves.
Gums surround teeth bottoms {neck, teeth}.
Teeth necks are in flesh {gum, teeth}|.
Under enamel and in root is bone-like material {dentin} {dentyne}.
Teeth have parts {crown, teeth} above gums. Grass eaters have crowns that go below gums {hypsodonty}. Leaf eaters have crowns only over top.
Crowns have hard, smooth, and white layers {enamel, teeth}.
A muscular sac {stomach}| on trunk left side receives food from esophagus. Stomachs have region {cardiac region} near heart, large sac {fundus, stomach}, and pylorus. Stomachs have a smooth-muscle-ring sphincter at top opening, which closes after bolus enters. Stomach and digestive tract have inner mucosa, middle circular and longitudinal muscle layers, and outer connective-tissue layer. Stomachs hold 2.5 liters. Stomachs can absorb alcohol, aspirin, and poisons. Helicobacter pylori bacteria cause stomach ulcers.
Birds and primitive mammals have stomachs {craw}| that store and break down food.
Peristalsis churns food to soup {chyme}. Chyme passes through sphincter to small intestine.
Stomach glands {gastric gland} secrete hydrochloric acid and proteolytic enzymes. Gastrin hormone controls stomach secretions.
Stomach and digestive tract have inner mucous membrane {mucosa}|.
Stomachs have a region {pylorus}| near small intestine.
Brain controls ability to eject stomach contents {vomiting reflex}|.
After stomach comes small and then large intestine {intestine}|. Gut distension causes pain but squeezing, cutting, or burning does not cause pain.
Intestines have inside spaces {lumen, intestine}|.
After stomach is one folded tube {small intestine}|, 30 feet long, which absorbs almost all food materials. End sphincter allows material to pass to colon. Intestinal wall secretes enzymes to break up proteins. Glucose and amino acids have active transport into blood. Lymph absorbs fats. Small intestine has peristalsis and churning movements.
Food passes through small intestine eight hours {transit time}.
Small-intestine mucosa has many cytoplasm fingers {villus}, to absorb sugars and salts.
Small intestine attaches to body back wall by connective tissue {mesentery}|.
Fat and connective tissue {omentum}| are in front of intestines.
Connective-tissue membrane {peritoneum}| lines intestines and body cavity holding intestines.
Peritoneum can have bacterial infections {peritonitis}|.
Small intestine has first part {duodenum}|.
Small intestine has second short part {jejunum}|.
Small intestine has long part {ileum}|.
A large gland {liver, organ}| on middle right side secretes bile salts into small intestine. Liver stores and converts sugars and carbohydrates, receives amino acids and sugars from intestine via portal vein, makes urea, synthesizes plasma proteins, stores vitamins, detoxifies alcohol and ketones, and regulates and produces lipids and fatty acids.
Bladders {gall bladder}| under liver hold liver bile salts and release bile salts into duodenum, to break up fats and neutralize stomach acid. Secretin hormone can control bile stimulation. Precipitated-cholesterol gallstones can be in bile ducts.
Gall bladders hold liver bile salts {bile}|. In duodenum, bile salts break up fats and neutralize stomach acid.
Hemoglobin breakdown products {bile pigment} can accumulate in jaundice.
Under stomach, one gland {pancreas}| secretes enzymes {pancreatic juice} into duodenum, to break up proteins. Secretin controls pancreas.
Pancreas cells {islets of Langerhans} {Langerhans islets} can secrete insulin and glucagon into blood.
After small intestine, wider intestine {colon, intestine}| {large intestine} curves up right side, across body-wall back, and then down left side. Colon removes water and has peristalsis and churning movements. Colon has 12-hour to 24-hour transit time.
colon beginning {cecum}|.
Cecum has a small tube {appendix, intestine}| at bottom.
Colon ends {sigmoid colon}| are holding regions.
A muscular tube {rectum}| connects to anus. Rectum distension stimulates defecation.
Rectum has an end sphincter {anus}|.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225