heart and blood vessels {circulation}.
heart {cardiac, heart}|.
heart, arteries, and veins {cardiovascular}|.
arteries and veins {vascular}|.
Most blood-flow resistance {peripheral resistance} is in capillaries.
Blood vessels can grow {angiogenesis}.
Factors {vascular endothelial growth factor} (VEGF) can stimulate angiogenesis and guide blood cells to body regions by finding VEGF receptors. VEGF affects blood-vessel development. Perhaps, blood cells can evolve into blood vessels.
Heartbeats cause artery pressure pushes {pulse, blood}|.
Blood pulses cause pressure {blood pressure}. Blood pressure relates to heartbeat force, blood volume, and arteriole smooth-muscle constriction, which nerves, blood epinephrine, and blood carbon dioxide control. Inelastic and hardened arteries from cholesterol, scars, smoking, and kidney disease make high blood pressure.
Pressure is highest {systole}| {systolic pressure}, 120 mm Hg, when blood pulses.
Pressure is lowest {diastole}| {diastolic pressure}, 75 mm Hg, between pulses.
Arteries and veins have networks {rête}|.
Lymphatic system has a tube {thoracic duct}, from dilation {cisterna chyli} at second lumbar vertebra to left jugular and subclavian veins, that carries lymph into blood.
The first artery {aorta}| is the largest blood vessel.
Blood leaves heart to go into tubes {artery}|. Arteries have inner endothelium-and-elastic-tissue layer, middle smooth-muscle layer, and outer connective-tissue layer.
Blood flow from aorta can go into heart arteries {coronary artery}|.
Arteries have branches {arteriole}|.
Blood flows from arteries into tubes {capillary}|, where molecules diffuse between blood and tissue fluids. Capillaries have endothelial cell layers. Most peripheral resistance to blood flow is in capillaries.
Head has neck arteries {carotid artery}| on sides.
Head has arteries {vertebral artery} beside spine.
Vein system has structure {venation}.
about veins {venous}.
From capillaries, blood goes into tubes {vein, circulation}| that have same layers as arteries but with thinner muscle layers. Valves prevent backward flow.
The first veins {venule} are small tubes.
Veins {saphenous vein}| drain leg surfaces.
Swollen veins {varicose vein}| can be in legs.
Veins {hepatic portal system}| can collect blood from spleen, stomach, pancreas, and intestines and take blood to liver.
Blood reaches largest veins {vena cava}| to enter heart, from above {superior vena cava} and below {inferior vena cava}.
Head has side neck veins {jugular vein}|.
Head has neck veins {vertebral vein} by spine.
Blood pumping organs {heart}| have auricles and ventricles. Skeletal muscles and breathing assist blood movement. Heart volume increases with regular exercise.
Heart cavity has inside endothelium {pericardium}|.
Blood goes from vena cava into heart chamber {right atrium} {auricle}| {atrium, heart} at heart top right.
Right atrium pumps blood through valve {tricuspid valve}| to right ventricle.
Right atrium pumps blood through tricuspid valve to lower right chamber {right ventricle} {ventricle, heart}|.
Right ventricle pumps blood through valve {semilunar valve}| into pulmonary artery.
Right ventricle pumps blood through semilunar valve into lung artery {pulmonary artery}|.
Blood goes from pulmonary artery to lung capillaries and then to lung vein {pulmonary vein}| back to left atrium.
Left atrium pumps blood through valve {bicuspid valve}| into left ventricle.
Left ventricle pumps blood through valve {mitral valve}| into aorta. Mitral valve gives high and short sound. Other valves and ventricle closures give low and long sound. Heart-sound change indicates valve damage. Syphilis and rheumatic fever weaken heart valves.
Signals from specialized heart tissue {sinoatrial node} {pacemaker} initiate and regulate heartbeat. Heart fibers beat by themselves. Blood carbon dioxide, blood thyroxin, blood epinephrine, vagus-nerve stimulation, body temperature, fever, and muscle stretching affect heart rate.
Signals go from sinoatrial node to specialized heart tissue {atrioventricular node} and then to ventricles.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225