Glands {endocrine system}| can secrete hormones into blood using tubes or using diffusion {ductless gland}.
functions
Hormones travel in blood to other organs to trigger internal behaviors and regulate and coordinate body organs.
parts
Endocrine system has pituitary, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, hypothalamus, pancreas, ovary, testes, and placenta.
receptors
Hormones bind to cell-membrane receptor proteins. Receptor proteins have three parts: outside receptor, membrane region, and cytoplasm enzymatic region.
signal
Enzymatic region contains tyrosine, to which phosphate can bind and unbind. Cell-signaling molecules have enzymatic regions and non-enzymatic modules {SH2 module} {SH3 module} for binding phosphate to tyrosine and for aligning with receptor-protein enzymatic-region hydrophobic regions.
adapter
SAP and other cell-signaling molecules {adapter molecule} can link several functional domains to involve other enzymes, to coordinate signaling and timing. Adapter molecules make cellular scaffolding to transmit signals.
diseases
Diseases can involve too much or too little signaling. Cancer and X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease have too much signaling. Immune diseases, type-2 diabetes, HIV, and black-death bacteria (Yersinia pestis) have too little signaling.
Biological Sciences>Zoology>Organ System
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Date Modified: 2022.0224