Organic molecules {vitamin, nutrition}| can be coenzymes or coenzyme precursors.
Organic molecules {hydroxyl donor} can be in copper systems, be anti-oxidants, activate enzyme systems, participate in energy production. Hydroxyl donors are in thyroid hormone, steroid hormone, hydroxyproline, lysine, serotonin, and norepinephrine synthesis.
Vitamins {fat-soluble vitamin}| can be in fat. Fat-soluble vitamin slowly deplete from body.
Organic molecules {beta-carotene} can be in carrots and sweet potatoes. Sweet potatoes {batata} are in Caribbean.
Organic molecules {vitamin A} {retinol} can be in rod-cell rhodopsin protein and mucus and bone chondroitin sulfate. Vitamin A builds keratin and steroids. Adrenal cells and sex cells need it. Vitamin A is for growth, skin, mucus, teeth, infection resistance, night vision, eyes, and lungs. Low vitamin A causes easy infection, appetite loss from less saliva, and hair loss. Vitamin A comes from liver, dairy products, egg yolk, sweet potatoes, and dark green and yellow vegetables.
Organic molecules {vitamin D} {calciferol} can maintain blood calcium and phosphate.
purpose
Vitamin D is for bone and teeth mineralization, together with parathormone. Vitamin D causes intestine and bone calcium release and kidney phosphate absorption.
forms
Vitamin D has two forms. Sunshine ultraviolet-B light can make Vitamin D3 [3 is subscript], which special skin cells {keratinocyte} can convert to 7-dehydrocholesterol. Plants can make Vitamin D2 [2 is subscript], which liver can convert to 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which kidney converts to 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D. In cell nucleus, 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D attaches to vitamin-D receptor (VDR) protein, which works with retinoid-x receptor (RXR) protein to make complexes that bind to DNA-response elements for more than 1000 genes.
deficiency
Low vitamin D causes weak bones and rickets or cause bad bones {osteomalacia}.
sources
Vitamin D comes from cod, tuna, salmon, mackerel, sardines, shitake mushroom, egg yolk, and vitamin-D milk. Sunlight on skin makes vitamin D from precursor.
Organic molecules {vitamin E} {tocopherol} can be anti-oxidants. Vitamin E prevents free-radical formation from peroxides. It is for polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin A, and vitamin K metabolism. It is for reproduction. Low vitamin E causes problems with cell structures, breaks red blood cells, causes lipofuscin in other cells, and causes sterility. Vitamin E comes from nuts, plant oils, dried beans, eggs, and brown rice.
Linoleic acid fatty acid {vitamin F} is in membranes and builds prostaglandins.
Organic molecules {vitamin K} {menadione} in liver and blood can aid coagulation and build prothrombin and clotting factors VII, IX, and X. Intestine bacteria make vitamin K. Vitamin K comes from tomato, green vegetables, and plant oils.
Vitamins {water-soluble vitamin}| can dissolve in water, have no storage location, and quickly deplete from body.
Organic molecules {biotin} can carboxylate oxaloacetate to pyruvate, participate in fatty-acid synthesis, and build pyrimidines and amino acids.
Organic molecules {folacin} {folic acid} {folate} can carry methyl groups for nucleic-acid synthesis, cell division, methylations, amino-acid modifications, and choline, methionine, serine, and histidine production. Folic acid is in broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, kale of brassica family. Glutamate is in tetrahydrofolate, which carries methyl, methylene, formyl, formimino, and methenyl groups to oxidize or reduce them.
Organic molecules {niacin} can be in NAD and NADP, carry hydrogens in oxidation-reduction reactions, participate in glycolysis, convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, deaminate amino acids, participate in fatty-acid synthesis and fatty-acid oxidation, build steroids, and break down drugs and toxins. Niacin is in citric acid cycle, respiratory chain, and hexose monophosphate shunt. Low niacin affects nerves and GI tract, makes dark scaly skin, and causes easy infection.
Organic molecules {pantothenic acid} can be in coenzyme A. Coenzyme A transfers acetyl units. Coenzyme A makes activated acetate for lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol, and phospholipid. Coenzyme A breaks down ketogenic amino acids, acetylcholine, and porphyrin.
Organic molecules {vitamin B} can be for growth, nerves, alertness, digestion, skin, eyes, and blood. Vitamin B comes from grains, liver, lean meat, dairy products, and dried beans and peas.
Organic molecules {vitamin B1} {thiamin} can make thiamin pyrophosphate to remove carbon dioxide or to transfer acetyls, build acetyl-CoA from pyruvate, build succinyl-CoA from alpha-ketoglutarate, participate in hexose monophosphate shunt, and make acetylcholine for nerve impulses. Low vitamin B1 causes beriberi, polyneuritis, nausea, and edema.
Organic molecules {vitamin B2} {riboflavin} can help make FMN and FAD, help make flavoproteins, carry hydrogens in oxidation-reduction reactions, participate in fatty-acid synthesis and fatty-acid oxidation, deaminate amino acids, and be in respiratory chain. Low vitamin B2 causes tissue changes, cracks in mouth corners {cheilosis}, dermatitis, reddening, and nerve changes.
Pyridoxal-phosphate molecules {vitamin B6} {pyridoxine} can carry amino acids across intestinal and blood-vessel walls, carry amino groups in deaminations and aminations, transfer sulfur in sulfur-containing amino acids, remove carbon dioxide in decarboxylations, and form red blood cells. Vitamin B6 helps synthesize niacin, porphyrin, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, histamine, norepinephrine, folic acid, unsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol, bile acids, acetylcholine, and glucose from glycogen. Low vitamin B6 causes low energy.
Organic molecules {vitamin B12} {cobalamin} can carry methyl groups, carry hydrogens to keep sulfhydryls reduced, aid ileum fat absorption, aid cell division, build red cells, and make methionine, folic acid, nucleic acid, and porphyrin. Low vitamin B12 causes pernicious anemia.
Organic molecules {vitamin C} {ascorbic acid} can reduce iron for absorption and storage in ferritin, convert folic acid to active folinic acid, deaminate protein, and donate sulfate as ascorbate-3-sulfate. Vitamin C is for collagen, wounds, blood clotting, blood vessels, iron absorption, teeth, gums, growth, and bone metabolism.
deficiency
Low vitamin C causes arthritis, scurvy, blood-clotting defects, easy infection, hair-follicle spots, gum swelling and bleeding, anemia, poor healing, dry skin, and lethargy.
sources
Vitamin C comes from citrus fruit, green leafy vegetables, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, kale, tomatoes, potatoes, sweet potatoes, melons, apples, and strawberries.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225