E. coli

Bacteria {E. coli bacteria} can inhabit human intestine.

sensation

E. coli can sense sugars, amino acids, toxic ions, and light, using at least twelve different membrane and cell-wall protein receptors. They can compare previous sense qualities to subsequent sense qualities over several seconds, to establish gradients. Gradients change signal strengths by varying loop structures inside receptor proteins.

Receptors signal to G-proteins, which eventually send to six flagella. Signals combine at flagella to move bacterium in same direction or stop, which causes tumbling and random direction. Movements thus find food or escape poisons.

flagella

Flagella use hydrogen-ion gradients to turn eight ratchets at 6000 rpm. Flagella can spiral clockwise or counterclockwise. Flagella can align parallel or radiate from cell in all directions. Aligning and spiraling in same rotation causes forward motion. Radiating, and spiraling in opposite rotation, causes stopping.

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Date Modified: 2022.0224

E. coli

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