Functional psychosis {schizophrenia}| {dementia praecox} can have delusions, hallucinations, memory disturbances, ideas of reference, volition problem, and dementia. Schizophrenics think their minds and wills are not under their control. They think that thoughts are being put into, or removed from, their minds. They suspect that someone is hypnotizing them.
incidence
About 1% of people have schizophrenia. Incidence has been the same for 50 years.
recovery
Individual episodes typically end with previous-personality recovery. Recovered schizophrenics can relapse after contact with critical and involved relatives. 80% of schizophrenic patients recover from first attack. Only 50% remain healthy. 10% of schizophrenic patients are long-term hospital in-patients. People can improve even after years of hospitalization.
properties: 4 A's
Schizophrenia has autistic thinking, emotion ambivalence and withdrawal, apathy and low emotional level with affect lack, inappropriate emotions, and unconnected thought and words with association lack.
properties: behavior
Schizophrenia causes agitation. Schizophrenia can show low spontaneity, simple speech, and slow movement. Schizophrenics have abnormal eye movements. They change mental-function distribution between cerebral hemispheres. They have difficulty processing incoming information.
properties: emotion
Schizophrenics lose interest in, and respond unemotionally to, other people.
properties: memory
Schizophrenics can lose discussion point. Schizophrenia can lessen memory formation and problem solving.
properties: speech
Schizophrenia can involve unusual associations to words or questions, with rambling and incoherent answers.
properties: will
Schizophrenics lose energy and are apathetic.
types
Schizophrenia types are catatonic, childhood, hebephrenic, paranoid, pseudoneurotic, schizo-affective, and simple.
factors
Schizophrenia has same types and frequencies in all environments and cultures. Schizophrenia does not increase in wars or other catastrophes.
causes
Trauma or intense family pressure can cause schizophrenia. Schizophrenia can transmit genetically.
causes: theory
Both nature and nurture cause schizophrenia {diathesis stress model}.
biochemistry
Schizophrenia lowers glutamate and increases NAAG, kynurenic acid, and homocysteine, which all affect NMDA receptors. D-cycloserine, D-serine, and glycine stimulate NMDA receptors. D-amino acid oxidase catabolizes D-serine. Catechol-O-methyltransferase affects dopamine metabolism, mainly in prefrontal lobes. Dysbindin and neuregulin affect number of NMDA receptors.
biochemistry: dopamine
Excess dopamine causes more activity. Low dopamine causes low activity. In schizophrenics, amygdala contains abnormal dopamine quantities. Dopamine D1 receptors are in frontal lobes. Cortex and brainstem receptors differ. A dopamine receptor binds dopamine antagonist drugs. Amphetamines, apomorphine, clozapine, etomidate, ketamine, Levodopa, phencyclidine, and phenothiazines affect schizophrenia.
tests
Tests for actions are Tower of London and Wisconsin Card-Sorting tests.
Biological Sciences>Medicine>Disease>Kinds>Organ>Nerve>Mental>Schizophrenia
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Date Modified: 2022.0224