People can have retinal or brain damage or malformation and cannot see {blindness}| [Hull, 1990]. Peripheral retinal processing allows subconscious navigation.
restored sight
If blind people have restored sight, they can see but not well. Children with unused eyes see light spots after applying pressure to eyeball.
space
Senses can carry information about space and time. Vision impairment causes brain reconnections to other sense regions. Input and output shape plastic brain [Sur and Leamey, 2001] [Simpson, 1988] [Teuber et al., 1960] [Teuber, 1960] [Von Senden, 1960].
space: touch or sound
If touches or sounds substitute for vision, it seems that sense qualities vaguely become more like visual sense qualities [Bach-y-Rita, 1995] [Dobelle, 2000] [Normann et al., 1996] [Schmidt et al., 1996].
space: touch
Skin-vibrator arrays (Tactile Vision Substitution System) can represent camera images. People can learn images and place them in 3D space, so they use depth perception as well as form perception. Tongue electrode arrays can replace vestibular system [Bach-y-Rita and González, 2002].
space: sound
Sound pitches and timing can substitute for spatial dimensions [Meijer, 2002]. Blind people perceive objects by sound echoes. Blindfolded people can learn echo navigation rapidly.
Biological Sciences>Medicine>Disease>Kinds>Organ>Nerve>Eye
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Date Modified: 2022.0224