Plants have asexual and sexual reproduction, and plant cells have chromosomes {plant genetics}. Plants make many seeds, so seed generations have many mutations and recombinations. Many plants have polyploidy, allowing more variation.
cloning
Electroporation and tungsten bullets can introduce DNA fragments into plants. The small flowering-plant weed Arabidopsis thaliana can clone genes.
cloning: expression
Plants can express oils and seed proteins. Plants can add drought and frost resistance. Plants can become able to fix nitrogen.
insects
Plants can protect themselves from insects. Bacillus thuringiensis sporulation makes protein crystals that kill many insect larvae. Tomato, potato, and cowpea serine-protease inhibitors inhibit serine protease in insect intestines.
weeds
Weeds grow faster and so use more chemicals than regular plants. Plant-killing chemicals inhibit growth mostly in weeds, but other plants have affects. Herbicide-tolerant plants have enzymes that break down herbicides, increase herbicide-targeted enzymes, or have mutated enzymes that herbicides cannot affect. Bacteria can have enzymes that break down herbicides.
Biological Sciences>Genetics>Plant
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Date Modified: 2022.0224