Sporophytes {club moss}| can have spaced, erect rhizome stems, roots, and leaves but have no cambium. Club mosses include quillworts {quillwort}. Sporangia at stem tips are specialized leaves.
Sporophytes {horsetail}| can have spaced, erect rhizome stems with branches, branching roots, and small leaf whorls. Sporangia are at main stem tips. Horsetails are bushy with hard cell walls, because they contain silica.
Primitive sporophytes {psilopsida} can have spaced, erect rhizome stems, but not roots or leaves.
Lowest pteropsida {fern}| make no seeds or flowers. Ferns make haploid spores at specialized-leave bottoms. Spores drop to ground and grow into gametophytes, which make eggs that cross-pollinate to form new plants. Regular ferns have perennially erect stems, rhizomes with roots, and compound leaves in buds. Ferns have no xylem.
Ferns can get food and moisture from air {epiphyte, fern} {aerophyte} {airplant} (Tillandsia).
Ferns {asparagus fern} can reproduce using spores and have fronds.
Ferns {bracken} {brake, plant} came from Southeast Asia.
Ferns can look like green antlers {platycerium} {staghorn fern} {elkhorn fern} {moosehorn fern}.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225