Plants have budding leaves {shoot}|.
New plants {sprout}| leave germinating seeds.
Cut grasses {straw}| can dry.
Vascular plant parts {leaf}| can originate from stems at buds. Dicot leaves have petiole and blade with veins. Monocot leaves have central veins.
Leaves change color in autumn, as chlorophyll decomposes and cell sap makes red and purple pigments {anthocyanin, leaf}. Carotenoids make leaves yellow and orange.
Leaves originate from stems at plant structures {bud}|. Buds can be at stem ends {terminal bud} or on stem sides {lateral bud}.
Between upper and lower epidermis, leaf middle layers {mesophyll} have chloroplasts.
Layers near upper epidermis can have special cells {palisade cell, leaf}.
Dicot flower bunches have small flower stalks {pedicel}.
For gas diffusion, leaf openings {stomata}| alter surrounding-cell turgor pressure, to open by day and close at night.
Dicot leaves have stalks {petiole} and blades.
Dicot leaves have flat parts {blade}|, with forked vascular bundles {vein, leaf}.
Leaves fall after cell layers {abscission layer} cover petiole bottoms.
After abscission layers cover petiole bottoms, cork {scar}| covers layers.
Vascular plant parts {root, plant}| can anchor plants to substrates, hold plants upright, absorb water and minerals, and store food. Roots have caps, elongation zones, root hairs, and mature root near stem.
Tulips, onions, and garlic have roots {bulb}.
Roots have growing points {cap, root} at tips.
Roots have regions {elongation zone} {zone of elongation} in which cells lengthen by absorbing water.
Roots have mature cells with hairs {root hair}|, for water and mineral absorption.
Roots have regions {maturation zone} {zone of maturation} of mature cells with root hairs, for water and mineral absorption.
Root tissue layers are outer, middle {cortex, plant}, and inner {endodermis} {cambium, root}. Cortex is thickest.
In old root parts, regions {pericycle} can develop into new side roots or into new xylem and phloem.
Root centers {stele, root} have phloem, xylem, pericycle, and cambium.
Plants can have roots {adventitious root}| that grow from stem or leaves.
Plants can have many similar-size roots {diffuse root} or one large main root {taproot}|.
Vascular plant parts {stem, plant}| can connect roots to leaves. Dicots have three stem layers: central pith, vascular-bundle ring, and outer cortex. Stem pith stores food. Stem vascular bundles have cambium to heal plant wounds. Stem cortex has dead-cell outer layer and live-cell inner layer. Monocots have epidermis, stomata, vascular bundles throughout stem, no pith, and surface cortex cells with thick cell-wall layers.
Plants can have bark swellings {lenticel}, which allow air diffusion.
Stems have growing points {node, stem} for flowers and leaves.
Central soft stem parts {pith}| have fundamental plant tissue.
Stems can have woody sharp points {thorn}|.
Underground stems can have bulb-like regions {corm}.
Ferns and grasses have underground stems {rhizome}|.
Plants can have long horizontal ground stems {stolon}.
Some rhizomes {tuber, root}| store starch.
Plants {herbaceous plant} {herb, stem}| can have soft, green, thin stems.
Herbaceous plants {annual}| can live one season, from early spring to late autumn.
Herbaceous plants {biennial}| can live between twelve and twenty-four months.
Plants {woody plant} can have tough, thick, hard stem. Stem is hard because it has lignin.
Woody plants {perennial} can live longer than one year.
Rare plants {monocarpic plant} flower only once and live from 2 to 100 years.
Some perennial plants {shrub}| have many similar woody stems.
Some perennial plants {tree, stem}| have one main woody stem.
In perennials, stem xylem and phloem grow each summer and stop growing in winter, so years leave distinct rings {annual ring}| underneath cortex.
Outer xylem layers {sapwood}| conduct sap.
Inner xylem layers {heartwood}| are for strength.
Cotton and flax have balls {boll}| that hold seeds.
Cereals have outer husks {chaff}|, removed before eating.
Corn has cylinders {cob}|, with outside seeds.
Pumpkin, squash, and cucumber have fruits with hard coverings {gourd}|.
shrub {box shrub}.
brier {bramble, brier}|.
Rose bushes and greenbrier {brier}| have thorns on branches.
Tight small-tree and shrub groups {maquis} can be on Mediterranean-Sea north side.
Grape and cucumber vine twining plant stems have curling pieces {tendril}| that hold base objects.
Small trees and/or shrubs can grow close together {thicket}|.
Plants {tumbleweed}| with many intertwined branches can break at ground level and then roll with wind.
Plants {vine}| can have pliable stems that twine around, climb, or run along surfaces.
tree branch {bough}|.
Small trees and/or shrubs can grow close together {copse}| {coppice}.
dicot wood {hardwood}|.
Bacteria or fungi can make tree tissue lose structure {rot}|.
young tree {sapling}|.
sprouted tree {seedling}|.
shoot or twig {sprig}|.
Tree parts fall into ocean and return to shore bleached and worn {driftwood}|.
branch bundle {fagot, branch}| {faggot}.
Dead wood can absorb mineral water and harden into stone {petrified wood}|.
Spruce, aspen, or pine wood {pulpwood}| can make paper.
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Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225