Middle pteropsida {gymnosperm}| are seed plants, have no flowers, have no xylem, and have no woody fibers {softwood}. Gymnosperms use naked seeds, sometimes in cones. Gymnosperm classes include cycads, ginkgoes, gnetales, conifers, and extinct seed ferns.
Gymnosperms {cycad} (Cycas) (Cycadophyta) can be small plants {sago palm}, have short trunks with feathery leaves out tops, and make cones.
Gymnosperms {gingko} {maiden hair tree} (Gingkophyta) can be from China, have fan-like leaves on short twigs, and have fruits with bad odors and edible kernels.
Gymnosperms {gnetophyte} (Gnetophyta) {gnetae} {gnetales} include mormon tea.
Gymnosperms {conifer}| (Coniferophyta) (Pinophyta) can have seeds in cones, which have two types. Conifers include pine, cedar, spruce, fir, and redwood.
Trees {arborvitae} can have small cones, have both sexes on same tree, and be moist, cool, and evergreen: American, giant cedar or Western red cedar or shinglewood, Oriental, and Sawara-cypress. Incense cedar relates to cypress and Sawara-cypress. Northern white cedar is eastern arborvitae.
Trees {aspidistra} can be evergreen, have perennial large leaves, and live in Asia.
Trees {bald cypress} can be in south United States swamps, be tall, have root "knees" {knee, tree}, have small cones, and have needles that fall in autumn.
Trees {cedar} can have two kinds. Coast cedar, Atlantic cedar, or southern white cedar is small to big, has small cones, is evergreen, and lives in swamps and wet areas. Western cedar is on both coasts, likes wet ground, has catkins, has red-brown small cones, has scale-like blue-green leaves, grows slowly, and has twigs that droop from branches. Cedars include Atlantic white cedar or swamp cedar, Port Orford white cedar or Oregon cedar or Lawson cypress, and Alaska yellow cedar or Alaska cypress or yellow cypress.
Trees {cypress} can grow in west and southwest USA, have small red-brown cones, like moist areas, grow in stands, and have both sexes on same tree: Monterey cypress and Arizona cypress.
Trees {fir} can be aromatic, have short needles, be evergreen, live in Pacific Northwest, and have cones upright on branches. Firs include Alpine fir, noble fir, grand fir or yellow fir, gray fir, balsam or Canada balsam or Eastern fir, silver fir, red fir, Nordmann fir, and white fir or white balsam. Douglas firs are tall.
Trees {heath, tree} can be evergreen, have orange branches and leathery dark green leaves, and have orange-red small drupes in clusters. Pacific madrone or madrona lives on USA west coast and relates to mountain laurel, rhododendron, azalea, and blueberry.
Trees {hemlock} {spruce} {water hemlock} can have short needles, be dark green, have tiny cones, grow fast, be evergreen, and have cones that hang down. Hemlocks include Eastern hemlock or Canadian hemlock, Western hemlock or Pacific hemlock, black hemlock or Mountain hemlock, and Carolina hemlock. Spruces include Engelmann spruce or mountain spruce, Oriental spruce, weeping spruce, red spruce or Eastern spruce, black spruce or bog spruce, Norway spruce, Colorado spruce or blue spruce, white spruce, coast spruce or sitka spruce or yellow spruce, and Atlas cedar.
Trees {hornbeam} can have hop-like fruit clusters, have catkins, be deciduous, and live in east USA: Eastern hop hornbeam and American hop hornbeam.
Trees {ironwood} {blue beech} {American hornbeam} (Carpinus) can have blue and gray smooth bark, be deciduous, have catkins, and live in east USA.
Trees {juniper} can be aromatic, have blue fleshy cones, have short needles, be evergreen, and have needles gray above and green below. Junipers include common juniper, Rocky Mountain juniper, Utah juniper, alligator juniper, creeping juniper, savin, Sierra juniper or western juniper, Lawson-cypress, and Eastern red cedar or red juniper.
Trees {larch} {tamarack} can shed leaves in autumn, have needles in clumps on short side twigs, have small cones, have short needles, and live in north USA swamps: European larch, Western larch, and American larch or tamarack or Eastern larch or black larch.
Trees {pine, tree} can have bundles of two to five long or short needles, have big cones, be evergreen, and have catkins. Pines include bristlecone pine, digger pine, jack pine, limber pine, loblolly pine, lodgepole pine, longleaf pine, mountain pine, pinyon pine, pond pine, slash pine, sugar pine, table-mountain pine, whitebark pine, and yellow pine or shortleaf pine. Other pines are Austrian pine or black pine, Coulter pine, Eastern white pine, Himalayan pine, Jeffrey pine, red pine or Norway pine, Ponderosa pine, Scotch pine, Southern pine or pitch pine, Swiss stone pine, Torrey pine, Virginia pine, and Western white pine. Pinyon pines {pi-on pine} have edible seeds {pine nut, pine} {Indian nut}. Bristlecone pines can live 4000 years.
Trees {redwood} {sequoia} can be evergreen with small to medium cones and grow to 300 feet: coast redwoods and Sequoias or Big Trees.
Trees {yew, tree} can have medium height, be evergreen, have little red drupes, be dark green, and have sexes on different trees: Pacific yew or Western yew, European yew, English yew, Japanese yew, torreya, podocarpus, and American yew or ground hemlock shrub.
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225