Plants {plant types} can be flowers, herbs, grasses, trees, weeds, and crops.
Flowers have different colors and shapes {flower kinds}.
perennial herb or small shrub {acanthus} {bear's breeches}.
Perennial {petunia} smell can depend on methylbenzoate.
yellow or purple flowers, creeping, mat-forming, succulent {mesembryanthemum} {ice plant} (Carpobrotus edulis).
creeping, mat-forming, succulent {stone plant}.
red or green flowers, tall {hypochondriacus} {cat's tail} {amaranthus}.
red flowers, tall {cockscomb}.
large various color flowers, perennial {amaryllis} {hippeastrum} (Amaryllidaceae).
white flowers in long clusters {poison ivy} {cashew, flower}.
green-white flowers {poison oak}.
green flowers with unique shape {poison sumac}.
carrots and celeries {carrot family} {celery family} (formerly Umbelliferae).
white flowers in round clusters {queen anne's lace} {wild carrot}.
{asclepiad}.
purple flowers {digitalis, plant} {foxglove}.
{frangipani}.
pink or blue-purple or red or pink flowers in round clusters, digitalis-like chemical {milkweed}. Butterflies that eat it become poisonous, too.
poisonous, narrow evergreen leaves, sweet smell, white or pink or red flowers in clusters, East Indies {oleander} {dogbane}.
blue-purple flowers, simple opposite leaves, perennial, evergreen {periwinkle}.
blue-purple flowers {vinca} {bigleaf periwinkle}.
green flowers with unique shape {arum} {aroid}.
white or red or pink heart shape flowers, waxy {anthurium}.
green or brown flowers with unique shape {jack in the pulpit} (Arisaema triphyllum).
Green flowers contain oxalate crystals and histamine releasers {philodendron}.
brown flowers with unique shape {skunk cabbage}.
white flowers {zantedeschia}.
blue-purple flowers, shrub {ivy} {hedera}.
green or white flowers in round clusters {ginseng, flower}.
shrubs with dense tufts {thrift}.
white or blue-purple flowers with rays, composite {aster}.
white or blue-purple flowers with rays {achillea}.
yellow flowers with rays {black-eyed susan} {thunbergia}.
white or blue-purple flowers with rays {callistephus} {annual aster}.
milky sap, alternate or basal leaves, strap-shape {ligulate} flowers with no bracts {involucre} surrounding flower clusters {volucre} {chicory, flower}.
white, yellow, lavender, purple, bronze and light pink flowers {chrysanthemum}.
purple flowers {cockleburr}.
Eurasia, perennial, herb {coltsfoot} (Tussilago farfara).
small, annual {centaurea} {cornflower} {centaury}.
yellow {cosmos} {cosmea}.
tuberous root, various color flowers with rays {dahlia}.
Asters {figwort} (Scrophularia) (Scrophulariaceae) can have square stems, opposite leaves, and open flowers with two lips. Figworts {mullein} {aaron's rod} can be in Europe and Asia, have coumarin and rotenone, and have yellow flowers in long clusters.
yellow flowers in long clusters {goldenrod} {solidago}.
chrysanthemum {mum}.
yellow flowers with rays {ragwort} {golden ragwort}.
red or orange flowers, thistle-like, annual, Asia and Africa {safflower} (Carthamus tinctorius).
shrubs {sagebrush} (Artemisia).
blue-purple or yellow flowers with unique shape {thistle}.
large various color flowers {zinnia}.
white flowers {daisy} {marguerite} {white daisy} (formerly Compositae).
herbs and small shrubs {arctotis} {African daisy}.
white flowers {bellis} {double daisy}.
yellow flowers with rays {dandelion} (Taraxacum).
small white flowers, perennial {leontopodium} {eidelweiss}.
blue flowers {felicia} {blue marguerite}.
large white flowers {magnolia, flower}.
blue flowers {senecio} (Jacobaea) {stinking willie}.
yellow flowers {marigold} {tagetes}.
yellow-orange flowers {calerdula} {pot marigold}.
yellow-orange flowers {caltha} {marsh marigold} {cowslip, caltha}.
yellow flowers {sunflower, plant} {helianthus}.
white flowers in round clusters {yarrow} {milfoil}.
Asters {lamial} can include lavender, lilac, olive, jasmine, ash trees, teak, snapdragon, psyllium, mint, basil, and rosemary.
Lamials {mimulus} {muskflower} {monkey flower} (Mimulus moschatus) (Phrymaceae) can have yellow or red flowers.
pink flowers {mint, plant} {beebalm} {peppermint} {spearmint} (formerly Labiatae).
red or pink or white flowers in round clusters {bee-balm} (Melissa officinalis) (Monarda didyma).
blue flowers in bugle shapes {ajuga} {bugle, flower}.
blue-purple flowers {hyssop}.
purple flowers {lavandula} {lavender, plant}.
blue flowers {molucella} {bells of Ireland} {shell flower}.
purple flowers {prunella, plant}.
shrub, deciduous, dioecious {tacamahac} {balm of Gilead} (Populus balsamifeya).
red or pink flowers in round clusters or unique shapes {paintbrush}.
Large white or yellow flower {antirrhinum} {snapdragon} smell depends on methylbenzoate.
various color flowers {linaria} {toadflax} {baby snapdragon}.
deciduous, Old World, shrubs or small trees {olive, plant}.
yellow flowers {forsythia} {golden bell}.
small white flowers, sweet smell {jasminium} {jasmine}.
blue flowers, deciduous, Old World, shrubs or small trees {syringa, lilac} {lilac}.
purple flowers {philadelphus} {mock orange} {syringa, philadelphus} {common lilac} (Syringa vulgaris).
pink, purple, red, rose, or white flowers {impatiens} {balsam}.
various color flowers, glossy leaves {begonia}.
small yellow flowers, red berries, shrubs {berberis} {barberry}.
white flowers {mayapple}. Sap has emetic {ipecac} (Podophyllum peltatum).
blue flowers {forget-me-not} {myosotis} {borage}.
White to blue tiny flowers in long curved sprays, sweet smell {heliotropium} {heliotrope, plant}.
cabbages {cabbage family} (formerly Cruciferae).
yellow flowers {alyssum} {sweet alyssum} {yellow alyssum}.
annual to perennial, woody, herbs {arabis} {rock cress}.
yellow flowers {mustard plant}.
cream white flowers {matthiola} {stock, plant}.
yellow flowers {cheiranthus} {wallflower, plant}.
large red or yellow or bronze flowers in slipper or pouch shapes {calceolaria} {pouch} {pocketbook flower} {slipper flower}.
blue flowers in long clusters {bellflower}.
blue-purple flowers {bluebell} {endymion}.
violet or dark blue flowers {rampion}.
small pink flowers {pink} (Caryophyllaceae).
small white flowers {baby's breath} (Gypsophila).
small flowers {dianthus} {sweet William}.
limoniums {leadwort} {plumbago} (Plumbaginaceae).
blue flower {limonium} {statice} {sea lavender} {marsh rosemary}.
blue or purple flowers {morning glory} {convolvulus} {ipomoea}.
white or pink flowers {bindweed}.
sweet potato {sweet potato, flower}.
carnivorous, high humidity {Venus' fly trap}.
heath {heath, flower}.
white and other color flowers in round clusters {azalea}.
white simple flowers, shrubs {cranberry, flower}.
pink or white flowers {heather} {erica} {ling}.
various color flowers in round clusters {rhododendron} {azalea rhododendron}.
perennial, shrubs {teaberry}.
shrubs {vaccinium} {cranberry, shrub} {blueberry, shrub} {bilberry} {huckleberry, shrub} {whortleberry} {cowberry} {mountain cranberry}.
shrubs {coca}.
white or red flowers {carnation} (Euphorbia).
shrubs {castor oil plant}.
shrubs {manioc, plant} (Manihot esculenta).
large red or white flowers {euphorbia} {poinsettia}.
large green thick leaves {rubber plant, spurge}.
brown flowers {spurge}.
blue-purple flowers {pea, flower}.
Peas, beans, and legumes {pulse, plant} have small white or yellow flowers.
small white or yellow flowers {acacia} {mimosa, plant}.
Pulse herb has gum tragacanth {astragalus, herb} {milk vetch} (Astragalus gummifer).
yellow flowers {cytisus} {broom, cytisus}.
yellow flowers {genista} {broom, genista}.
Spiny European shrubs {furze} {whin} {gorse} (Ulex) have sweet-smelling yellow flowers and black pods.
white flowers {haricot, bean}.
Female Jumping Bean moths (Laspeyresia saltitans) lay eggs inside jumping-bean {jumping bean} ovary capsules.
red or pink flowers in long clusters {kudzu}.
blue-purple flowers {lupin} {lupine}.
various color flowers {sweet pea} (Lathyrus odoratus).
white or pink or blue-purple flowers {vetch}.
blue flowers in clusters {wisteria}.
blue-purple flowers with unique shape {gentiana} {gentian} {fringed gentian} {closed gentian} {bottle gentian}.
blue-purple or red or pink simple flowers {geranium} {cranesbill} {pelargonium} (Geraniaceae).
purple flowers {saintpaulia} {African violet}.
African-violet related {gloxinia}.
shrubs {currant, flower} (Grossulariaceae).
Plants {gunnera} {giant rhubarb} can have four or five large round indented leaves on tall stalks, with small red flowers. They date from 93,000,000 years ago in Gondwana. They are symbiotic with Nostoc cyanobacteria.
yellow flowers with unique shape, shrubs {witch hazel} {hamamelis}.
white flowers in round clusters {hydrangea}.
{waterleaf family}.
blue-purple flowers with unique shape {iris, plant}.
short, hairy, perennial, blue-violet flowers {crocus}.
various color flowers {gladiolus, flower}.
red or pink or white flowers in round cluster {laurel, flower}.
beans (Caesalpiniaceae) (Fabaceae) (Mimosaceae) (Papilionaceae) {bean family}.
white or yellow or red-orange flowers {lilium} {lily} {wood lily} {yellow lily} {Canada lily} {mariposa lily} {sego lily}.
large blue or white round flowers with star blossoms {agapanthus} {African lily}.
white flowers in cone shapes {calla lily}.
white flowers in lily shapes {convallaria} {lily of the valley}.
yellow flowers {daffodil}.
large white flowers {Easter lily}.
pink to purple flowers {hyacinthus} {hyacinth, flower}.
yellow flowers {jonquil}.
white flowers in long clusters {mayflower} {trailing arbutus}.
purple flowers {muscari} {grape hyacinth}.
white flowers in clusters {narcissus}.
white flowers {galanthus} {snowdrop}.
white flowers {leucojan} {snowflake}.
green flowers with unique shape {Soloman's seal} {polygonatum}.
white flowers, Africa {spider plant} (Chlorophytum).
orange flowers {kniphofia} {red-hot poker} {torch lily}.
red or yellow flowers {tulipa} {tulip}.
blue flowers {wood hyacinth} {Spanish bluebells} (Scilla) (Hyacinthoides).
cactus-like, long spiny leaves, yellow flowers {agave} {mescal}.
long spiny leaves {century plant} {maguey}.
red-pink flowers {peyote plant} (Lophophora williamsii).
white flowers {polianthes} {tuberose}.
blue-purple flowers in long clusters {lobelia} {great blue lobelia} {Indian tobacco}.
shrubs {elderberry}.
pink or yellow flowers in round cluster {honeysuckle} {woodbine}.
red flowers {viburnum} {Guelder rose} {snowball tree}.
red flowers {weigela} {diervilla}.
shrubs {mistletoe}.
shrubs {crape myrtle} {loosestrife family}.
various color flowers {lavatera} {mallow}.
various color flowers {hibiscus} {rose mallow} {marsh mallow} {kenaf}.
perennial, purple flowers, wild mallow {althea} {hollyhock}.
bananas (Musaceae) {banana family}.
large bird shape flowers {strelitzia} {bird of paradise}.
green flowers with unique shape {plantain, flower}.
shrubs {myrtle}.
deciduous, east North America, shrubs {bayberry} {wax myrtle} (Myrica pennsylvanica). Root bark contains drugs. Jamaica bayberry root bark makes bay rum.
red flowers {bougainvillea} {four o'clock family}.
white or yellow flowers, water {water lily} {pond lily} {nymphaea}.
white flowers, water {lily pad}.
white water flowers {lotus, flower}. Lotus leaves have surface cells with micron-size bumps and nanometer-size wax crystals, to repel water and so stay clean {lotus effect}.
succulent stems {saguaro} {nopal} {cactus}.
Africa, succulent leaves, analgesic sap {aloe} (Aloe vera).
Cactus {cholla} can have cylindrical water-filled stems. It relates to prickly pear.
oval, top flowers {zygocactus} {Christmas cactus}.
Large yucca trees {Joshua tree} can grow in Mojave desert and have spiky leaves.
Cactus {prickly pear} can have flat water-filled pads. It relates to cholla.
long pointed leaves {yucca} {Adam's needle} {Spanish bayonet}.
various color flowers with unique shape {orchid}.
various color flowers with unique shape {cattleya}.
yellow flowers with unique shape {lady's slipper} {cypripedium}.
pink or white flowers {oxalis} {wood sorrel}.
yellow or red or pink simple flowers {sorrel, flower}.
{wood sorrel family}.
large flowers {peony} {paeonia}.
orange flowers {poppy, flower} {papaver} {field poppy}.
blue flowers {meconopsis} {blue poppy} {Himalayan poppy} {Welsh poppy}.
white flowers {opium poppy}.
red flowers {passiflora} {passion flower}.
red berries then black pepper {piper} {pepper, plant}.
pink or blue-purple flowers in round clusters {phlox} (Polemoniaceae).
white flowers {polemonium} {Jacob's ladder}.
yellow flowers in round clusters {primula} {cowslip, primrose} {primrose, flower} {polyanthus} {auricula}.
pink, red, lavender, or white flowers {cyclamen}.
yellow flowers {oenothera} {evening primrose} {sundrop}.
white and red flowers {fuchsia, plant}.
red small flowers, low-growing {scarlet pimpernel} {anagallis} (Anagallis arvensis) {pimpernel}.
up to one-meter red flowers, rotten flesh smell, parasite, no roots, no stems, no leaves, no photosynthesis, pollinated by flies {Rafflesia}.
yellow simple flowers {buttercup}.
white or pink simple flowers {anemone, plant} {windflower} {wood anemone} {poppy anemone} {flame anemone}.
yellow flowers {clematis}.
red-orange flowers with unique shape {columbine, flower} {aquilegia}.
green flowers in long clusters {helleborus} {hellebore} {Christmas camelliarose} {beaten rose}.
blue-purple flowers {hepatica} {liverwort, flower}.
purple or yellow flowers in long clusters, perennial, palmate lobe or palmate divided {larkspur} {delphinium}.
yellow flowers {trollius} {globe flower}.
Roses {rosa} {rose, flower} {American Beauty rose} (Rosaceae) are at least 40 million years old. Egyptian rose is cabbage rose. European roses have strong smell and are hardy. Chinese tea roses have tea smell and are delicate. Hybrids are mixture and have various colors.
white simple flowers, shrubs, thorns {blackberry, flower}.
white or pink flowers, shrubs, thorns {bramble, plant} (Rubus).
yellow flowers {cinquefoil} (Potentilla).
white simple flowers, shrubs {raspberry, flower}.
white or pink flowers {spiraea}.
white simple flowers {strawberry, flower}.
shrubs {sweetbriar}.
white or yellow flowers {bedstraw}.
white or yellow flowers {woodruff}.
white flowers {gardenia} {cape jasmine}.
white flowers {madder}.
woody shrubs, temperate and tropical, includes citrus {rue, flower}.
yellow-green flowers, leaves turn red in autumn {dictamnus} {burning bush}.
white oval flowers with fuzz {willow, flower}.
white or yellow oval flowers with fuzz {pussy willow}.
brown-maroon flowers with unique shape, eats insects {pitcher plant} {nepenthus}.
white flowers in long or round clusters {saxifraga} {saxifrage}.
oil {jojoba} (Simmondsiaceae).
dicot {tomato, plant} {aubergine, potato family}.
blue-purple flowers {bittersweet plant} {Belladonna, flower} {deadly nightshade} {henbane} {nightshade} {thornapple}.
green-yellow flowers with brown-purple centers {physalis} {Chinese lantern, plant}.
various color flowers {potato, plant}.
yellow flowers, tall, leafy, annual {nicotiana} {tobacco plant} (Nicotiana tobaccum).
white flowers {storax}.
white or pale pink flowers {tamarix} {tamarisk}.
green or yellow flowers {yew, flower}.
white flowers {camellia} (Theaceae).
yellow flowers {trefoil, flower}.
white or red-orange flowers with unique shape, three-part leaves {clover} {red clover}.
three-part leaves {shamrock}.
white or brown or red or pink simple flowers {trillium}.
white flowers {tropaeolum} {nasturtium} (Tropaeolum).
perennial, marsh, creeping rootstock, long linear leaves {cattail}.
green flowers with unique shape {nettle}.
small pink or lavender or white flowers {valerian}. It makes medicinal.
light blue and white flowers {hebe} {veronica}.
blue-purple simple flowers {viola} {violet, flower} (Violaceae).
yellow or violet flowers {pansy}.
vine {grape, plant}.
vine {creeper}.
vine {Virginia creeper}.
Plants {resurrection plant} can come back after 95% dehydration (Xerophyta).
brown-maroon flowers with unique shape {ginger, flower}.
Herbs {herb, flower} have aromatic or flavorful flowers or leaves.
square stems, opposite leaves, flower clusters along stems {catnip} (mint family of Lamiaceae family).
Bark {chinchona} can have quinine.
Rhizomes {glycerrhiza glabra} can be licorice sticks.
pale blue flowers in clusters {rosmarinus} {rosemary, flower} (family Lamiaceae).
purple or yellow flowers in long clusters {salvia} {sage, plant} {clary}.
purple flowers {thymus, plant} {thyme, plant}.
Wild roses {wild rose} can make rosehips as fruits.
heath {checkerberry} {wintergreen, flower} {gaywings wintergreen}.
Poisonous herbs {aconitum} {monkshood} {wolf's bane} {wolfsbane} (Ranunculaceae) (Aconitus napelclus) can be aconite sources.
Wormwoods {wormwood} {sagebrush wormwood} are stimulants and central-nervous-system poisons. They are in absinthe drinks.
Grasses {grass} are short or tall. Grasses include aregrana, fescue, ryegrass, bluegrass, timothy, Bermuda, rice, wheat, sugarcane, corn, sorghum, millet, oats, rye, and barley. Grasses began 66,000,000 years ago.
Woody grasses {bamboo} can have jointed, mostly hollow, stems.
Bouteloua gracilis {blue grama grass} is cold-and-drought tolerant, for north North America plains.
Buchloe dactyloides {buffalo grass} is drought tolerant for North-American short-grass prairie.
tall grass-like sedge or marsh grass {bulrush}.
short grass {cheat grass}.
short coarse grass {crabgrass}.
white-flower grass {linum} {flax, grass} (Linaceae).
Dry medium-size cylinders {ear, corn} can have white, purple, red, and yellow kernels {Indian corn}.
pink-flower grass {cortaderia} {pampas grass}.
Swamp or marsh grasses {reed, plant}| can be tall with hollow stems.
wetland grass {sedge}|.
Paspalum notatum {bahia grass} is tough, coarse, and drought-and-shade tolerant, for southeast USA.
Creeping Agrostis stolonifera {bent grass} is short, soft, fine, and perennial, for northern putting greens.
Cynodon dactylon {Bermuda grass} {devil grass} is short, soft, and heat-and-drought tolerant, for Sun Belt and sport fields.
Poa pratensis {bluegrass, lawn} {Kentucky bluegrass} is cold-tolerant, short, and soft and is the most-popular lawn grass in northeast and north-central USA.
Eremochloa ophiuroides {centipede grass} is acid tolerant, for southeast USA and Hawaii.
Grasses {fescue, fine} can be short, soft, and fine-leaved or needle-leaved. Chewings fescue is Festuca rubra commutata and is sand and acid tolerant. Creeping red fescue is Festuca rubra. Hard fescue is Festuca longifolia and is short and cold tolerant.
Festuca arundinacea {fescue, tall} is tall or broad-leaved, is heat and drought tolerant, and used in tough and coarse pasture grass.
Lolium multiflorum {ryegrass, annual} is annual used in southern regions but is not heat tolerant.
Lolium perenne {ryegrass, perennial} is fine and soft.
Paspalum vaginatum {seashore paspalum} is from South-African sand dunes, is like Bermuda grass, and is for salty soil.
Stenotaphrum secundatum {St. Augustine grass} grows fast and is coarse, for south and west USA.
Grasses {zoysia grass} can be stiff Japanese lawn grass (Zoysia japonica), stiff and flat Manila grass (Zoysia matrella), and wiry fine Korean grass (Zoysia tenuifolia).
Trees {ailanthus} {tree of heaven} {stinkweed} can live in Asia, have pinnate compound leaves, have yellow and crimson samaras in masses, have yellow-green flower clusters, and have sexes on different trees.
Trees {alder} can have catkins and strobiles, live in wet areas, and be deciduous: red alder or Oregon alder or western alder, black alder, and common alder.
Trees {ash tree} can be tall, have compound pinnate leaves, have samara clusters, and have sexes on different trees: European ash, white ash, flowering ash, blue ash, green ash or red ash or swamp ash or river ash or water ash, black ash, and Oregon ash.
Trees {birch} can have little upright seed filled cones {strobile}, have catkins, have white or other-colored bark, be deciduous, and relate to alders. Birches include gray birch or poplar, paper birch or white birch, yellow birch or silver birch or swamp birch, Japanese birch, weeping cut-leaf European birch, red birch or river birch or water birch, and black birch or sweet birch or cherry birch. Sweet birch has wintergreen aroma.
Trees {buttonbush} can be shrubs, like wet ground, have curving crooked branches and shiny leaves, and have tiny cream-colored flowers on stalks in round two-centimeter clusters, which turn into brown spherical seed clusters.
Trees {catalpa} can be medium height, have big broad leaves, have white or pale-blue bell-shaped flower clusters, and have long thin seedpods with many winged seeds: common catalpa or Indian bean, catawba-tree or northern catalpa or hardy catalpa, yellow catalpa, western catalpa, and related princess-tree or Paulownia.
Trees {chaste-tree} can be vitex agnus-castus and vitex negando incisa.
Mediterranean evergreen oak trees {cork plant} {cork oak} can have thick bark.
Trees {cornus} {dogwood} can have four-petal white flowers and red drupes: flowering dogwood, red-osier dogwood, Pacific dogwood, rough dogwood, and blue-fruited dogwood.
Trees {elder tree} can have compound leaves and white flower clusters that turn into red berries: common elder, red-berried elder, and elderberry.
Trees {elm} can have seed wafers and hairs on upper leaf surfaces. They are susceptible to Dutch elm disease. Elms include Scotch elm, English elm, slippery elm or red elm or gray elm, American elm or white elm, rock elm, and Chinese elm. Oaks, elms, and maples have simple leaves and not many leaflets on one stalk. Cherries, elms, lindens, and many other trees have leaves all along twig {compound leaf}.
Trees {eucalyptus} {blue gum} can have willow-like leaves, be evergreen, have bark that peels, come from Australasia, and live in south and west USA.
Trees {golden-chain} {laburnum} can be like fragrant sumac.
Trees {hickory} can have edible nuts, have compound leaves {pinnate leaf, hickory}, have both sexes on same tree, and live in east USA: shagbark hickory, shellbark hickory, bitternut or swamp hickory, pignut or red hickory, mockernut or whiteheart or bullnut, and pecan.
Trees {holly} can have red berries, have dark green leaves, be usually shrubs, be evergreen, and like moist areas in east USA: American holly, European holly, and black alder or winterberry.
Shrubs {jatropha} can have large seeds that have up to 40% poisonous oil and grow in dry conditions in Tanzania and Mali.
Trees {linden} {basswood} can have yellow or cream flower clusters, hanging from narrow, leaf-like structures {bract}, which turn to fragrant nutlets, and often have red twigs and buds: European linden, heart-leaved linden, broad-leaved linden, white linden, American basswood, and white basswood. Lindens live in Europe and basswoods in USA. Cherries, elms, lindens, and many other trees have leaves all along twig.
Trees {locust, tree} can have flat leathery mahogany-colored or red-brown various-length seedpods, be tall, have doubly compound or compound leaves, and have white flowers. Locusts include black locust or common locust or yellow locust, honey locust or honey shuck, pagoda tree, yellowwood or virgilia, and Kentucky-coffee-tree. Honey locust has honey-like pulp, in pods, and compound thorns. Locusts are legumes.
Trees {magnolia, tree} can live in southeast USA, have leathery shiny green leaves that stay on all year, have large white flowers, have red fruiting cones, and like wet areas. Magnolias include true magnolia or Southern magnolia or great-flowered magnolia, saucer magnolia, sweet bay or white bay {laurel, tree} {bay laurel} {bay tree} or swamp magnolia, cucumber-tree, and umbrella-tree.
Trees {maple tree} can have leaves with three or five lobes opposite each other on branchlets, have double samaras, and have greenish yellow or red flowers.
types
Maples include hard maple {sugar maple}, red maple or swamp maple, silver maple or white maple or soft maple, sycamore, mountain maple, hedge maple, big-leaf maple, Norway maple, striped maple, black maple, and box-elder or ash-leaved maple.
Sugar maple makes maple syrup juice.
elder
Maples {box elder} {ash-leaved maple} can have compound leaves and sexes on different trees.
leaves
Oaks, elms, and maples have simple leaves and not many leaflets on one stalk. Maple, ash, and viburnum leaves always grow in pairs.
Small desert trees {mesquite} of Fabaceae or legume family make beans. Mesquite bean meal {pinole} can be food.
Trees {mountain ash} can have compound leaves, have white flower sprays in round clusters, have red berry clusters, be shrubs or small trees, and live in northeast North America: American mountain ash or rowan-tree or mountain sumac, and European mountain ash. Maple, ash, and viburnum leaves always grow in pairs.
Trees {mountain laurel} {California laurel} {Oregon myrtle} can have medium height, live on USA west coast, be evergreen, have green yellow plum-like drupes, and have camphor-like odor. Laurels are usually tropical.
Trees {oak} can include white oak or Oregon oak or Garry oak or California oak or swamp oak, English oak, chinquapin oak, swamp chestnut or basket oak, chestnut or rock oak, bur oak or mossy-cup, post oak or iron oak, live oak, blackjack, and overcup.
types
White oaks have acorns that mature every season, have many-lobed leaves with no bristles, are tall, are broad, and have catkins.
Live oaks have leaves that have no lobes and fall off in spring: emory oak, canyon live oak, coast live oak, and live oak.
Black or red oaks have acorns that mature in second year and have many-lobed leaves with bristles: black oak or yellow oak, red oak or Northern oak or swamp oak or Southern oak, pin oak, Shumerd oak, scarlet oak, cork oak, willow, laurel, shingle oak, and water oak.
Tanoaks or tanbark oaks are evergreen, grow slowly, make tannin, have both sexes on same tree, come from southeast Asia, and relate to oaks and chestnuts.
Willow oaks and shingle oaks are rare.
leaves
Oaks, elms, maples have simple leaves and not many leaflets on one stalk. Oaks and some magnolias and dogwoods have leaves at twig tips.
Trees {palmetto} can have one trunk, have top fronds, and live on USA southeast coast.
Trees {plane tree} can have bark with brown, cream-white, and pale-green spots on trunk and white spots on small branches. Plane trees are tall and large, like moist areas, have leaves like large maple leaves, have two-centimeter spherical brown seed clusters, and live in east and middle USA. Plane trees include American sycamore or plane tree or buttonwood, California sycamore {sycamore}, and London plane tree.
Trees {poplar} can grow fast, have broad leaves with flat petioles that allow shimmering, and have catkins: silver poplar, simon poplar, white poplar, Lombardy poplar, California poplar or black cottonwood, Eastern poplar or Eastern cottonwood. Lombardy poplar is most common. Poplars {aspen} can be American aspen, quaking aspen or golden aspen, large-toothed or big tooth aspen, and cottonwood or balsam poplar or tacamahac poplar or balm-of-Gilead.
Trees {redbud} {Judas tree} can be legumes, have red buds, have rose or purple flowers, have seedpods with eight-centimeter beans, and be shrubs.
Trees {rosewood} can have red wood.
Trees {sassafras tree} can have mitten-like leaves, small yellow flowers, blue fruits, red stems, and sassafras aroma. Sexes are on different trees.
Trees {service-tree} {serviceberry} {shadbush} can have white flowers with five petals, have purple berries, be usually shrub, and live in east USA.
Trees {sourwood} {sorrel-tree} can live in southeast USA, have lily-of-the-valley-like flowers, have lustrous long leaves, and belong to heath family.
Trees {spicebush} can have waxy little yellow flowers, be shrubs, have red drupes, have citronella odor, and be in clumps.
Trees {sumac} can have compound leaves and milky sap. Varieties with shiny leaves and drupe clusters can irritate skin. Sumacs include shiny sumac, staghorn, smooth sumac, dwarf sumac or wiry-rib, and poison sumac, poison ivy, and poison oak.
Trees {sweet-gum} {bilsted} can be tall, live in southeast USA, have star-shaped leaves, have sticky ooze, have smooth bark, have many pointed two-centimeter seed-capsule spheres on thin stalks, and have both sexes on same tree.
Tall, big, and straight trees {tulip tree} {yellow poplar} can have large flowers with green petals with orange inner parts with yellow rings, have samara clusters, and have leaves that turn gold in late summer.
Trees {tupelo} {black tupelo} {sourgum} {sour gum} {black gum} {hornpipe tree} can be medium height, live in east USA, like wet ground, have lustrous green leaves, have oval blue-black small drupes, and have sexes on different trees. Tupelos relate to cotton gum, water tupelo, or south-USA swamp gum.
Trees {wafer ash} {hoptree} can be shrubs or small trees with circular-samara clusters and three compound leaves.
Trees {western soapberry} can live in southwest USA, have yellowish drupes in clusters, have compound leaves, and have white flowers.
Trees {willow, tree} can have cylindrical pollen holders {catkin}, have long narrow leaves, and like moist ground. Willows include fast-growing weeping willow from China, purple willow, black willow or swamp willow, sandbar, glaucous willow, shiny willow, heart-leaf willow, goat willow or pussy willow, and peach-leaf willow.
Trees {witch-hazel tree} can be slanting shrubs or small trees, live in east USA, have four yellow ribbon-petal flowers, have nutlets, and make witch hazel.
white flowers {apple, flower}.
Fig trees {banyan} grow in India.
African and Australian trees {baobab} can have trunks that store water and hanging fruits like gourds.
Malaysian evergreens {breadfruit} can have large yellow fruits.
Trees {china berry} {Pride-of-India tree} can have double compound leaves and purple or lilac drupes in clusters.
Trees {malus} {crabapple tree} include wild crabapple and Iowa crabapple, with pink and white flowers. Hawthorns and crabapples are similar.
white, pink, purple, or crimson flowers {ficus} {fig, tree} (Adenium).
Small evergreen trees {guava} produce ovoid fruits.
Trees {hackberry} {sugarberry} can have purple drupes when ripe.
Trees {mulberry} can have mulberries and have milky juice. Mulberries include white mulberry in China, paper mulberry, and red mulberry. Osage-orange or bowdeck has orange bark, thorns, sexes on different trees, and green-yellow seven-centimeter to twelve-centimeter spherical fruit masses.
Trees {orchard tree} can include apple, quince, pear, peach, cherry, apricot, and almond. Bud growing strength, prevailing winds, and nearby tree positions affect tree shape.
Trees {persimmon, tree} can be smooth, have round orange-colored fruits with red seeds, have shiny leaves, have corrugated bark, have medium height, and live in south, middle, and west USA. Red seeds are edible just after cold weather starts.
Prune-related trees {prunus} include almond, cherry, peach, and plum.
Cherry trees {cherry tree} include wild cherry or black cherry or rum cherry, choke cherry, bird cherry or fire cherry or pin cherry, sour cherry, Mahaleb cherry, and Cornelian-cherry. Cherry trees have red or black cherries, are short trees or shrubs, and have white flowers.
leaves
Cherries, elms, lindens, and many other trees have leaves all along twig.
berries
Other berry trees {wild berry tree} are wild plum, dwarf cornel or bunchberry, silky cornel or kinnikinnick, sweet haw or black haw, sweet viburnum, nannyberry, southern arrowwood, and maple-leaved viburnum. Viburnum is usually shrub, has opposite leaves, has cap-like five-petal white-flower clusters on eight stalks on one twig, and has small blue drupes. Maple, ash, and viburnum leaves always grow in pairs. Arrowwoods like wet ground.
Trees {beech} can have smooth tight light gray bark, be tall, have small beechnuts, have both sexes on one tree, have fluffy staminate-flower clusters, and live in east USA: American beech and European beech. Chestnuts and beeches are similar.
Trees {bladdernut} can be small east-USA trees or shrubs, with three compound leaves and three-lobed seedpods.
Trees {buckeye} can have palmate compound leaves, upright flower clusters, and spherical pods with one nut: Ohio buckeye, sweet buckeye or yellow buckeye or large buckeye, and southwest-Asia horse-chestnut.
Trees {buckthorn} {wahoo} {cascara} {bearberry} {bearwood} {coffee tree} can have medium height, like moisture, have small black drupes, and live on USA west coast.
Trees {chestnut, tree} can have large chestnuts and pointed staminate-flower clusters: European chestnut or copper chestnut, American chestnut, and Japanese chestnut. Chestnuts and beeches are similar. They have almost died out from imported fungus.
Trees {Chinese buckeye} can include golden-rain-tree and Chinese buckeye.
Trees {European hazelnut} {filbert, tree} can be rare.
Trees {haw} {hawthorn} (Crataegus) can have thorns, be shrubs or small trees, have twisted branches, have white or pink five-petal flowers, have fruits like rosehips, and live in east North America. Rosehips can be red, orange, or yellow. Haws include dotted-thorn, English hawthorn, cockspur-thorn, Washington-thorn, common red haw or hawthorn or haw, pear haw, and mush haw. Hawthorns and crabapples are similar.
Australia {hazel}.
Large trees {horse chestnut} can make white flowers in spring in candle shapes and make green fruit in fall that contain seeds {conker}.
Date trees {jujube tree} {red date} {Chinese date} can have drupe fruits (Ziziphus).
Trees {kola} can have kola nuts.
Soapberry plants produce red fruits {litchi nut} with sweet white insides.
Trees {pawpaw, tree} can be shrubs or small trees, live in east USA, and have purple flowers and crumpled pouches with green, then brown, edible fruit.
East-USA trees {pignut hickory} {sweet pignut} {coast pignut} {smoothbark hickory} {swamp hickory} {broom hickory} can make pear-shaped nuts.
Trees {walnut, tree} can have hard edible nuts, oblong for butternut and round for walnut, and compound leaves {pinnate leaf, walnut}: black walnut, English walnut or Persian walnut, and butternut or white walnut.
rare {Amur cork tree}.
rare {European smoke tree}.
rare {fringe-tree}.
rare {groundsel-tree}.
rare {hardy-mahogany}.
rare {hercules-club}.
rare {katsura tree}.
rare {prickly ash}.
rare {rose-of-Sharon, tree}.
rare {silver-bell-tree}.
rare {silverberry}.
rare {zelkova}.
American tropics have trees {balsa} with light soft wood {corkwood}.
Tropical pea trees {brazilwood} can have red wood.
Tropical trees {mahogany} can make reddish hard wood.
Small trees {mangrove} can grow on coasts {mangal} in shallow water.
Mulberry-family trees {rubber plant, tree} can be from Asia and North Africa.
Southeast Asian trees {sandalwood} can make sweet smelling wood.
Spurge trees {teak} {African teak} {African oak} (Verbenaceae) can make heavy wood.
palms {areca palm}.
palms {assai palm}.
Smooth-barked tropical trees {coconut palm} can grow 20 to 30 meters high, have one trunk, have ring scars where leaves fell off, and have large drupes.
Palm trees {date palm} {palm tree} can have bark covered with leaf sheaths, grow 20 to 30 meters high, have one trunk, and have date clusters.
Weeds {weed} are fast growing flowers.
white simple flowers {chick weed}.
yellow flowers {hopweed} {cow parsley} {keck}.
red or pink flowers in round clusters {ironweed}.
pink flowers {joe-pye weed}.
Weeds {locoweed} can be poisonous to animals.
white flowers in long clusters, monocot {pokeweed} (Phytolaccaceae).
green flowers {ragweed}.
Ocean plants {sargasso} can be kelp-like.
Crops {crop} are typically grasses. Rye, oats, turnips, radish, beets, leeks, and lettuce started as weeds.
grass {alfalfa}.
tobacco {burley}.
Ancient cabbage {cabbage} became cabbage, kale, kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and broccoli.
Seeds make chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter {cacao, chocolate}.
Plants {cotton} (Malvaceae) can have seeds surrounded by soft white fibers.
Plants {cover crop} that hold soil and retain water can cover farmland.
Fiber plants {fiber, plants} include flax in Mesopotamia. Flax seeds have linseed oil. Hemp is in China. Cotton is in Mesoamerica, Andes, Sahel, and India. Yucca is in Mesoamerica. Agave is in Mesoamerica.
Hay and cereals are food {fodder} for farm animals.
peanut {goober}.
Tall plants {hemp} can make fibers.
Cabbages {kale, plant} can have loose leaves.
Melons {melon} include muskmelon in Mesopotamia; squash in Mesoamerica, Andes, Amazon, and east USA [-2000]; watermelon in Sahel; bottle gourd in Sahel; and cucumber in India.
hay or straw stack {rick}.
Plant leaves can make fibers {sisal}.
Pods can have acidic pulp {tamarind}.
Cereals {cereal crop} {grain crop} {crop, grass} are grasses.
wheat
Emmer wheat was in Mesopotamia. Einkorn wheat was in Mesopotamia. Wheat was in Mesopotamia.
barley
Barley was in Mesopotamia. Little barley was in east USA [-500].
rice
African rice was in Sahel. Rice was in China.
millet
Pearl millet was in Sahel. Foxtail millet was in China. Broomcorn millet was in China. Finger millet was in Ethiopia.
corn
Corn was in Mesoamerica. Corn and wheat have phytate, which binds iron and calcium. Corn has low niacin. Different corn strains lack an essential amino acid.
other
Cereals include sorghum in Sahel, teff in Ethiopia, maygrass in east USA [-500], knotweed in east USA [-500], sumpweed in east USA [-2000], goosefoot in east USA [-2000], sunflower in east USA [-2000], and sugar cane in New Guinea. Sumpweed relates to daisy. Goosefoot relates to spinach.
seed
Quinoa from Andes mountains is not cereal, It has seeds with all eight essential amino acids.
Mills can grind cereal grains {grist}.
hulled and crushed oats {groats}.
Workers bundle and tie cut grain stalks {sheaves}.
Water grass makes brown seeds {wild rice}.
Roots {cassava, root crop} can make tapioca.
Root vegetables {root vegetable} include jicama in Mesoamerica, manioc or cassava in Andes and Amazon, sweet potato in Andes and Amazon, potato in Andes and Amazon, oca in Andes and Amazon, African yam in Sahel, Jerusalem artichoke in east USA, yam in New Guinea, and taro in New Guinea.
Starchy roots {taro} (Araceae) can be edible.
Crops {forage, crop}| can feed ruminants. They are typically herbaceous perennials that are dormant in cold, hot, or dry seasons. Forage crops can be annuals, such as Sudan grass, millet, corn, sorghum, and other legumes and grasses. Ruminants can digest forage cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Forage crops occupy five times more land than human grain crops.
Forage can be fresh and chopped {green chop}.
Forage can be dry {hay}|.
Forage can be dry silage {haylage}.
Forage can be finely chopped and stored in silos to ferment {silage}|.
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Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225