Plants have kingdoms, divisions, and classes {plant, classification}.
kingdom
Kingdom Plantae is for plants. It has four divisions and one subkingdom.
division: green algae
Green Algae (Chlorophyta) include one-cell Chlorella, one-cell Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra filament colony, and Ulva multicellular sea lettuce.
division: liverworts
Liverworts (Hepaticophyta) have embryos.
division: mosses
Mosses (Bryophyta) have embryos and include granite moss (Andreaeopsida), peat moss (Sphagnopsida), and true moss (Bryopsida).
division: hornworts
Hornworts (Anthocerotophyta).
division: vascular plants subkingdom
Subkingdom Tracheobionta is vascular plants, which are larger and have true leaves, stems, and roots. Seedless plants are club mosses, ferns, and horsetails. Seed plants are gymnosperms or angiosperms.
division: club mosses
Club mosses (Lycopodiophyta) {lycopsids} (Lycopsida) have vascular systems.
division: horsetails
Horsetails (Equisetopsida or Sphenopsida) have chloroplast-DNA inversion.
division: whisk-ferns
Whisk-ferns (Psilophyta) have chloroplast-DNA inversion.
division: ferns
Ferns (Pteridophyta) (Filicopsida) (Pteridopsida) have chloroplast-DNA inversion.
division: seed plants
Seed plants (Spermatophyta or Spermatopsida) are gymnosperms or angiosperms.
seed plants: gymnosperm
Gymnosperms have cones, have no flowers, have seeds not enclosed in fruit, and are cycads, ginkgoes, gnetophytes, conifers, and extinct seed ferns.
seed plants: angiosperm
Angiosperms or flowering plants (Magnoliophyta) have flowers and have seeds enclosed in fruit. The first angiosperms had endosperm with equal numbers of genes from male and female. First, the amborellas (Amborellaceae) separated from other angiosperms. Then, the water lilies (Nymphaeales) separated. Then, the star anises (Austrabaileyales) separated. Later angiosperms had endosperm with genes from male and twice as many genes from female. First, the magnolias (Magnoliales) separated. Then, the monocots separated. Then, the poppies (Papaveraceae) and others separated from the core eudicots.
angiosperms: monocotyledon
Monocotyledons (Liliopsida) have leaves with parallel veins, have one seed leaf, and are Alismatidae or Helobiae, grasses (Commelinidae), palms (Arecidae), ginger (Zingiberidae), and lilies (Liliidae).
They include: bananas (Musaceae), grasses (Poaceae) (Gramineae), palms (Arecaceae), orchids (Orchidaceae), yams and sweet potatoes (Dioscoreaceae), and lilies, onions, and asparagus (Liliaceae).
angiosperms: dicotyledon
Dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida) have leaves with netted veins, have two seed leaves, and are magnoliids or Ranalian (Magnoliidae), wind-pollinated (Hamamelidae or Amentiferae), Caryophyllidae or Centrospermae, Dilleniidae, rose family (Rosidae), and aster family (Asteridae).
They include the following. poison ivy, cashews, and pistachios (Anacardiaceae). asters and all composite flowers (Asteraceae). cabbage and turnip (Arabidopsis). other mustards (Brassicaceae). cacti (Cactaceae). squashes (Cucurbitaceae). cassava or manioc (Euphorbiaceae). beans and all legumes (Fabaceae). oaks (Fagaceae). flax (Linaceae). cotton (Malvaceae). olives, ashes, and lilacs (Oleaceae). roses, apples, peaches, strawberries, and almonds (Rosaceae). coffee (Rubiaceae). oranges and citrus fruits (Rutaceae). potato, tomato, and tobacco (Solanaceae). tea (Theaceae). grapes (Vitaceae).
In earlier classifications, lower plants {thallophyte} included algae, bacteria, fungi, and lichens. Thallophytes have only bodies {thallus}, form no embryos, have no vascular tissues, and have no roots, stems, or leaves.
Lower plants {lower plant} include algae, bacteria, fungi, and lichens.
Plants can be multicellular {metaphyte}|.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225