Injecting antigens into mice or rats causes immune responses and makes antibodies {monoclonal antibody}| in spleen lymphocytes.
hybrid cells
In cell culture, lymphocytes can mix with myeloma cell lines to make hybrid cells {hybridoma}. Polyethylene glycol helps hybridization.
screening
Screening can find hybrid cells with large antibody quantities.
antibodies
Rituxan works against lymphoma.
Herceptin {trastuzumab} works against breast cancer. Epidermal-growth-factor receptors (EGFR) make dimerization signals, which tell cells to divide. Herceptin binds to HER2 cell-surface epidermal-growth-factor receptors and prevents dimerization signals. Dimercept binds to HER cell-surface-receptor dimerization sites. Lapatinib kinase inhibitor inhibits HER2 receptors.
Kinase inhibitors inhibit PI3K, AKT, and mTOR in cell-survival pathway.
Letrozole aromatase inhibitor inhibits estrogen synthesis. Tamoxifen aromatase inhibitor inhibits estrogen and progesterone synthesis.
Bevacimuzab inhibits tumor blood-vessel formation at VEGF receptors.
Monoclonal antibodies can inhibit IGF-1 receptors.
nanobodies
Llamas and camels make half their antibodies {nanobody} using only heavy chains, which supply variable segments.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224