Humans have varieties {race, people}, such as north European white {Caucasian, people}, south European white {Mediterranean, people}, European and American Indian {mestizo}, Spanish-speaking or Portuguese-speaking country of South and Central America {Hispanic}, Central America {Latino}, Mexico {Chicano}, Africa {Negro} {black, person} {African-American}, and Asia {Asian} {Oriental, people} {Asian-American}.
types
People have three races, totaling 30 varieties.
Races {Caucasoid race} can include the varieties Mediterranean, Nordic, Alpine, Armenoid, and Dinaric. It can have more pale red, white, or light brown skin color, be taller, have longer or broader head, have light to dark hair, and have higher nosebridge. Armenoid has Caucasian and Mongoloid. Dinaric has Caucasian, Negroid, and Mongoloid.
Races {Negroid race} can include the varieties African, South Pacific, Melanesian, Oceania, White Hottentots, Bushmen, extinct Tasmanian, and Negritos or pygmies. It can have browner skin color, longer head, thicker lips, darker and coarser hair, darker eyes, lower nosebridge, and broader nostrils.
Races {Asiao-American Race} {Yellow Race} {Mongoloid race} can include the varieties Tungus in Siberia, Oriental, Eskimo, Indonesian, American Indian, Ainu in Japan, Australoid, and Veddoid, as well as Beijing Man, Lantian Man, and Jinniushan Man. Oriental has Chinese and Japanese. Oceanian has New Guinean, Australian, and Aborigine. Eskimos are more separate from Oriental than Oceanian. Mongoloid race started in Central and East Asia and went to South Asia and Southeast Asia. It can have more yellow or red skin color, be average height, have broader head, have less body hair, have darker eyes, have more epicanthic fold, have lower nosebridge, have higher eye sockets, have flat face bones, have higher superciliary arches, have more spade-shaped incisor insides, and have darker, straighter, and coarser hair.
Aborigines in Australia, Dravidians in south India, Polynesians in South Pacific Ocean, and Ainu in north Japan are hard to classify.
dispersion
Gene differences show that original Homo sapiens split into proto-Africans-and-Europeans, proto-Oceania, proto-American Indians, and proto-Oriental peoples. Then African Negritos and Bushmen separated from European Germanic and Mediterranean, so Europeans were intermediate between proto-African and proto-Oriental peoples.
Alu-repeat and short-tandem-repeat polymorphisms divide people into sub-Saharan Africa, Europe and West Asia, East Asia, Polynesia, and Americas groups. Perhaps, sub-Saharan Africa had two groups, including Mbuti pygmies. Genetic variants are 90% same, so group differences are maximum 10%.
cold adaptations
In cold regions, people tend to have shorter limbs, larger bodies, thicker eyelids, flatter noses, flatter foreheads, and broader cheeks.
factors
Decreased environmental pressures, increased mutation-causing agents, more socially-useful genes, greater specialization, and faster environment changes affect human evolution.
Biological Sciences>Biology>Evolution>Classification>Levels>Race
4-Biology-Evolution-Classification-Levels-Race
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Date Modified: 2022.0224