Reproductive fitness {fitness} is adaptations that maximize offspring that live to make offspring. Fitness maximizes number of genes passed to offspring, which pass those genes to offspring.
Replicate number and adaptability depend on how well environment and species members interact {differential fitness}.
Gene alleles can affect other-allele fitness {epistasis} {epistasy} {epistatic coupling}. Gene mutation can affect mutation expression at other loci.
Ecosystems can maintain stable alleles in stable species {evolutionary stable strategy}. Evolutionary stable strategies apply game-theory Nash equilibria to ecosystems. If allele change reduces other-species fitness, it reduces species fitness.
4-Biology-Evolution-Adaptation
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Date Modified: 2022.0225