Starting from statements, logical steps {argument, logic} can prove that statement is true or false. Arguments link statement and proposition constants and variables. Terms can rearrange or substitute.
variables
Propositions can use variables, such as place and time.
syllogism
Changing verbal argument into syllogism can find inconsistencies and incorrect inferences.
fallacy
Arguments can be invalid, argument forms can be invalid, or proofs can be faulty. Argument irrelevance, invalid deduction, or ambiguity can cause fallacies.
categories
People can make category mistakes.
People can state propositions {argument, obligationes}, to which other people {respondent to argument} agree, disagree, or leave open, using relation rules, such as counterfactuals {obligationes}.
Experts or authorities can state that propositions are true or false {argument from authority} {argumentum ad verecundium}, a plausible argument. Showing that proposition is false can show that proposition propounders are not experts or authorities.
Honest and believable people can state that propositions are true or false {argument from ethos}, a plausible argument. Showing that proposition is false can show that proposition propounders are not honest.
If one property happens, second property happens {argument from sign}, a plausible argument.
People can state that propositions not proved true or false are false or true {argumentum ad ignorantium}, a plausible argument. This relates to burden of proof.
Propositions can have support from emotions, such as pity {argumentum ad misericordiam}, a plausible argument. This appeals to secondary effects.
Propositions can have support by mass opinion {argumentum ad populum}, a plausible argument. This relates to peer pressure, emotional ties, or customs and traditions.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225