fitness in evolution

Genes have alleles, which contribute to survival and reproduction {fitness, allele}.

fitness landscape

Graphs {fitness landscape, evolution} {genetic graph} show all genes and alleles in a genotype. Genotypes have height. Genotypes differ from neighboring genotypes by one allele.

correlations

Fitness landscapes can have neighbors with similar fitness {correlated fitness}, so allele fitness depends on other-gene fitness. If allele fitness greatly depends on other genes, allele change affects whole system, fitnesses are similar, and landscape has many local peaks. If genes affect all others, fitnesses are equal, as in random case. If allele fitness depends slightly on other genes, allele change affects small region, fitnesses are different, and landscape has few local peaks. Highest peaks have widest bases.

patch

Genetic graphs can divide into local maximum-fitness regions. Patch boundaries are at local fitness minima.

search

In fitness landscapes, search for maximum can stop at local maximum. To escape local maximum or minimum, methods can look at patches or ignore input from neighbors. Instead of moving from fitness-landscape point to point, trajectories can move from patch to patch, seeking highest maximum. If patch size is small, system takes many steps to reach maximum fitness, can move away from true maximum, and can change over time, so it never reaches maximum fitness. If patch size is large, patches can have several maximum-fitness peaks. Moderate patch size balances fitness and time. If fitness landscape is smooth, patches have no affect.

Systems can ignore input from neighbors and use input from farther away. If jumps are small, system takes many steps to reach maximum fitness, can move away from true maximum, and can change over time, so it never reaches maximum fitness. If jumps are large, system can jump several maximum-fitness peaks. Moderate jump size balances fitness and time.

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Date Modified: 2022.0224