People sing and play classical music, folk music, country music, jazz, traditional music, hymns, and Christmas music {music}.
Written music instructions {canon, music}| began in 14th century.
Classical music uses harmonic, melodic, rhythmic, and contrapuntal melody variations {theme and variations}.
The 13th century began love poetry with music {troubadour music}| {trouvere}.
Musical lines or phrases have formal arrangement {music composition forms}.
Songs {anthem}| can be hymns about praise, patriotism, or loyalty.
Venetian gondoliers sing folk songs {barcarolle} {barcarole}.
Sonatas {Baroque sonata} can be contrapuntal.
Baroque madrigals {cantata}| used unstaged operatic form.
Hymns {canticle} can be from the Bible, but not be psalms.
Baroque motets {canzona} used polyphony, often on organ.
Songs {carol} can be about joy or praise something.
Passacaglia {chaconne, music} can begin without unaccompanied theme.
Music forms {chaisson} evolved from Mannerism.
Fugues {chorale}| can be variations on hymns.
Baroque fugues {concerto}| can have dialogue {ripieno} between solo instrument {concertino} and orchestra {tutti}. Tutti had five string parts: first violin, second violin, viola, cello, and double bass.
Instruments can replace the solo instrument in concertos {concerto grosso}.
Romantic piano music {etude}| can depend on dances.
14th century poetic forms {formes fixe} were for songs.
Mannerist Italian songs used poetic forms {strambotto} {capitolo} {oda} {frottola} and used refrain {reprisa} {frottole}.
Baroque music forms {fugue, music}| used polyphony with changing key relations. Three or four voices stated theme and modulated key, then stated counter theme, and then varied theme. Variations included imitation, canon, inversion, augmentation, and diminution.
Romantic piano music {impromptu} can depend on dances.
Romantic music {lied} {song} can restate melody but not develop theme.
Mannerist polyphonic form {madrigal}| {ballade, music} had lines of 7 or 11 syllables in varied rhyme scheme, had fugue form, was secular, and had no accompaniment. 14th-century madrigal poetic form had three stanzas, each ending with refrain.
A 14th century troubadour love song {minstrel song}| used polyphony, at royal courts.
Mannerist form {motet} was sacred fugue with voices but no accompaniment. Later secular motets used different texts in melody and harmony, were in local language, rather than Latin, and had freer rhythm.
Medieval music {musica humana} can be about soul and its relation to body.
Medieval music {musica instrumentalis} can use instrumental or voice sounds.
Medieval music {musica mandana} can be about harmony of universe or about angels.
Mannerist masses {parody mass} can paraphrase existing polyphonic works.
Baroque lyric poem or drama {pastorale}| was about shepherds and nymphs.
Romantic piano compositions {piano concerto}| have three movements: fast sonata with refrain in tonic key, slow lyric andante movement, and fast sonata or rondo. Piano plays cadenzas with trills at movement ends. Orchestra joins piano at finish.
Music {program music} can evoke ideas, events, or images.
Baroque music forms {recercar} can use one melody and theme variations.
Instrumental compositions {rhapsody}| can have free form and have joy and feeling.
Sonatas {rococo sonata} had one melody and its harmony and often used violins.
14th century poetic form {rondeau, music} used one stanza and refrain.
Fast sonatas or refrains {rondo}| can repeat new theme three times and end with a refrain. Music can use sonata form: abacada.
In 13th century, melodies can repeat at phrase ends {round, music}|, as in Sumer Is Icumen In.
Baroque music {sinfonia} can have three movements, each with different tempo.
Enlightenment and Romantic operas {singspiel} can have songs or folk songs between dialogues.
Compositions {sonata}| can have tonic-theme exposition, dominant-theme exposition, optional second dominant-theme exposition, theme development in other keys, tonic-theme recapitulation, optional second development, and final recapitulation. Sonata form has three movements: fast-slow-fast. Instrumental sonatas can have four movements: fast-fast-slow-fast. Sonata form came from sinfonia form. Sonatas, symphonies, string quartets, and concertos can use sonata form.
A 20th century music form {sprechgesang} used spoken melody with rhythm that followed instrumental music. Word notes were only approximately same as instrumental notes.
Compositions {string quartet} for first and second violin, viola, and cello can have four movements: allegro, lyrical, minuet, and allegro.
Songs can be about Latin poems, which have several stanzas {strophe, stanza}. The same music repeats for each stanza {strophic composition}, like most hymns today.
Baroque melody series {suite, music} can use one theme.
Classical compositions {symphony} have parts {movement, symphony}. Movements begin with presentation {exposition, symphony} of contrasting melodies {theme, symphony}. First theme is in tonic key. A bridge is between themes. Second theme is in dominant key. After exposition, themes expand {development, symphony}. Symphonies end with theme restatements {recapitulation, symphony}. Symphonies developed from sinfonia forms. Symphonies use fourth, fifth, octave, octave-and-fourth, octave-and-fifth, and double-octave intervals.
Musical forms {three-part form} can use sequence aba, as in minuet, scherzo, nocturne, ballade, reverie, elegy, waltz, etude, capriccio, impromptu, intermezzo, mazurka, and polonaise.
Baroque music {toccata}| can use rapid running phrases, often on organ.
Stories or descriptions {tone poem} {symphonic poem} can use nature imitation or human emotion and be romantic, descriptive, and freeform.
Musical forms {two-part form} can use sequence ab or aab, as in allemande, courante, saraband, gigue, gavotte, passpied, bourée, and loure.
14th-century poetic forms {virelai} {ballato} can have three stanzas and refrain at beginning and end.
Starting in the 12th century, music {conductus} can accompany priest movements.
Mannerist masses {cyclic mass} can use repeating parts.
Biblical passages were official late-Middle-Ages Catholic Church music {Gregorian chant}|. Gregorian chants use one note per syllable {syllabic style} and one of eight key modes. Modes have different intervals between tones and so have different moods. Modes have a central tone {reciting tone} for melody, a tone {ambitus} one octave above central tone, and a tone {final tone} on which music ends.
Catholic Church music {mass, music} {missa} can be for communion thanksgiving service {Eucharistic Service} {Liturgy of the Faithful}, held daily between terce and sept.
parts
Mass starts with preparation {Preface, mass} followed by main events {Sacrifice, mass}. The Sacrifice has three parts: offering {Offertory, mass}, blessing {Consecration}, and partaking {Communion}. Congregations or priests sing mass parts that stay the same {ordinary, mass}. Parts that change daily {proper, mass} are refrains or chants.
Singers can read or intone the lessons using mainly one pitch {lection tone}. Psalms use music phrases in which pitch {psalm tone} rises, plateaus, and then falls.
Preface
First part {Introit} is the entrance and has an antiphon refrain. Next comes the psalm verse, different for different days of year. Next comes the doxology. Next comes Kyrie Eleison (Lord have mercy). Next comes the optional gloria: "Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost" (Gloria Patri) or "Glory to God in the highest" (Gloria in Excelsis Deo). Next comes Te Deum Laudamus (We praise thee God). After the prayers and the lesson, a song {gradual, mass} precedes a rejoicing song {alleluia}, on regular days, or a sad song {tractus, mass}, for penitence or mourning days. Gloria, gradual, and alleluia or tractus change daily. After the Bible lesson comes a song {credo, mass} (creed).
Sacrifice
The Sacrifice has five steps {Sequentia}. First is the Offertory refrain, different every day. During Consecration, a song {sanctus} (holy) accompanies canon prayers, and a priest sings the Lord's prayer. During Communion, a choir sings Agnus Dei (Lamb of God). After Communion, a choir sings a refrain, and mass ends with a song {dismissal, mass}.
Renaissance
Renaissance masses used same phrase at ordinary-part beginnings {head-motif} or same melody for all mass parts {cantus firmus}.
prayers
Dominus Vobiscum (The Lord be with you) can precede formal prayers. Ave Maria (Hail Mary) is a three-part prayer but is not in the mass.
Baroque devotional songs {oratorio}| can use dialogue form.
After church service, organ plays hymn or hymn-like music {postlude}.
Baroque and Romantic free music form {prelude}| was fantasy, elegy, impromptu, or aria.
Music {processional}| can accompany entrance to ceremony.
Music {recessional}| can accompany exit from ceremony.
Catholic-Church choir sings response {refrain, music}. Choir typically divides into two halves that alternately sing parts.
Masses {requiem}| for resting of the dead omit regular alleluias, doxologies, and blessings. Parts are Requiem (rest), Kyrie Eleison (Lord have mercy), Sequentia Dies Irae (day of wrath), Sequentia Tuba Mirum (wondrous trumpet), Sequentia Rex Tremendae (majestic king), Sequentia Recordare (remember), Sequentia Confutatis (confounded), Sequentia Lacrimosa (mournful), Offertorium Domine Jesu (Lord Jesus), Offertorium Domine Hostias (Lord of hosts), Sanctus (holy), Benedictus (blessed), Agnus Dei (Lamb of God), and Communion.
Catholic Church music {responsorial chant} can use soloist and choir singing alternately. Responsorial chants can use melisma. Chants can add troping.
Conductus used Latin poems with several stanzas {strophe, music}. Singers sang harmonic parts together, but long melisma can extend syllables.
Each stanza can have different music {through-composition}.
Chants can add personal non-Biblical words and music {trope, chant} {troping}. Tropes can follow chant {sequence, trope}. The first harmony started at end of 9th century, when singers sang trope and chant end simultaneously.
Baroque dances {allemande} can be slow and in 4/4 time.
Baroque dances {bourée} can be in 3/4 time.
Fast Baroque dances {courante} can be in 4/4 time.
Baroque dances {gavotte, music} can be in 3/4 time.
Fast Baroque dances {gigue, dance} can be in 4/4 time.
Romantic piano music {mazurka, music}| can depend on a dance.
Baroque dances {minuet, music}| can be in 3/4 time.
Romantic piano music {nocturne}| can depend on dances.
Romantic piano music {polonaise, music} can depend on dances in 3/4 time.
Slow Baroque dances {sarabande} can be in 4/4 time.
Romantic piano music {scherzo} can depend on dances.
Romantic piano music {waltz, music} can depend on dances in 3/4 time.
Musical plays {opera} can use music in speaking parts as well as songs.
Opera songs {aria}| have one {soloist}, two {duet}, three {trio}, four {quartet}, five {quintet}, six {sextet, music}, or more singers.
Baroque arias {da capo aria} can use two stanzas, with first stanza repeated.
First operas {French opera} used Enlightenment and Romantic ideals.
Operas {grand opera} can be about historical themes, religion, and passion.
Baroque overtures {Italian overture} can have distinctive style.
Operas have text {libretto, opera} without written music, which singers can say melodiously or with no melody.
Comic operas {opera buffa} can have no spoken dialogue. Acts end with finales.
Operas {opera comique} can have spoken dialogue between aria and ensemble singing.
Baroque three-act operas {opera seria} had tragic theme and no comic scenes.
Operas {operetta}| {light opera} can be about humorous or personal themes.
Instruments play musical themes {overture} from opera before it starts.
Musical dialogue {recitativa} separates opera songs. Operas can have quick recitatives {secco, recitativa}. Accompanied dialogue {recitativa accompagnato} is for dramatic climaxes.
Singers sing in different ranges {choral music}. Renaissance choral singing used four singing voices that imitated melody: lowest {contratenor bassus}, tenor, second highest {contratenor altus}, and highest {cantus}.
very high {soprano}|.
middle high {mezzo-soprano}|.
higher than alto {contralto}|.
high {alto}|.
higher than tenor {countertenor}|.
middle {tenor}|.
low {baritone}|.
lower {bass, singing}.
very low {basso profundo}.
Starting in 8th century, priests and/or choirs sang Catholic-Church services daily at regular hours {daily hour} {daily offices}.
morning {matins}.
later morning {lauds}.
first {prime, daily hour}.
third {terce}.
seventh {sept, seventh}.
ninth {none, ninth}.
evening {vespers}|.
night {complise}.
20th-century music styles {tone row} {twelve-tone technique}| {12-tone technique} {basic series} can place the twelve octave tones and half tones in sequence, with no repetition, so all twelve notes have equal representation. The same intervals separate the twelve tones. The twelve tones have no special relations, and so no dissonance, consonance, or tonality. Tone rows can be original series, its inversion, its reverse, or inversion of reverse. Whole tone row can rise or fall by any pitch amount {transposition, tone row}. Tone-row notes can change to octave higher or lower. Tone-row tones can simultaneously sound in chords or counterpoint.
Renaissance choral singing {a capella}| can use no instruments except voices.
Musicians can play antiphon parts simultaneously {a tutti}.
Baroque recitation style {arioso} used more melody than before.
The twelve octave tones can have no dissonance, consonance, or tonality {atonal}|.
Repeated figures {basso ostinado} can have ground bass.
Baroque style can use extended melodic periods {bel canto}|.
Renaissance choral singing {bicinium} can use paired voices.
13th=century music {chase, music} {cacia} can repeat melody in phrase middle or use incomplete repeated phrases.
Works can have end sections {cadenza}| {cadence}. Common cadenzas are progressions from dominant or dominant seventh chord to tonic chord.
Dissonance between notes causes beat frequency {chromaticism}|. In chromaticism, leading tones point toward tonic. Chromaticism began with Bach. Mozart, Beethoven, and Chopin used it. Wagner's Tristan und Isolde uses chromaticism.
Long melisma {coda}| {caudae} can extend syllables.
Sopranos began singing without words in 17th century Italy {coloratura}|.
Harmony rose as melody fell or harmony fell as melody rose, until they met at same tone {contrary organum}.
Melody and harmony can have equal loudness {counterpoint}|.
Mannerist phrases {cross-relation} can use two tones, separated by a halftone, sung one after the other, while instruments play antiphon parts simultaneously {a tutti, Mannerism}.
Gregorian chants can have a second part above {descant}.
12th century Catholic Church music {descant style} {modified counterpoint style} {organum purum} used one, two, or three harmony notes {duplum} for each melody note. Melody was in range lower middle. A 12th century French style used two independent melodies, one moving up and the other down, with fourth, fifth, or octave intervals between simultaneous notes.
Chords can sound tense or harsh {dissonance, chord}, such as intervals major second, minor seventh, minor second, major seventh, diminished fifth, and augmented fourth. In dissonance, interval root becomes unstable. Dissonance decreases at higher frequencies, because critical bands are smaller.
In 14th and 15th century music, highest voice can sing melody, one voice can sing sixth below, and one voice can sing fourth below, so bottom two voices have third between them {faux bourdon} {false bass}. Instrument can be a voice.
In Baroque period, one bass line accompanied voice {basso continuo} {thorough bass} {figured bass}. Accompanist improvised triad above bass. Bass note can be harmony fundamental note {fundamental note}, with other notes a third above each other: fundamental, third, fifth, seventh, ninth, eleventh, thirteenth, and so on.
Chords {figured chord} can have harmonic tones.
Music can use chord series {harmony}.
In polyphony, two parts can sing alternate notes {hocket}.
Chordal accompaniment to melody can move in same direction and time as melody {homophony}, as in early Italian opera.
Successive chord, harmony, or melody tones {leitmotif}| can recall past or future emotions, as in Wagner.
Music can have many notes per syllable {melisma}| {melismatic style}. Notes typically join.
Baroque music {monodic composition} {monody, music} can use one melody, which can imitate human-voice inflections.
Music {monophony} can use only one voice, which sings or plays melody. Oriental, Greek, and Gregorian monophony used complex percussion.
Mannerist music used diatonic scale and musical phrases. Mannerist and 19th century music used key to indicate mood and key changes {motif}| to indicate emotion changes. Musical phrases represented emotions. Grief and sadness used small melodic intervals. Harshness and anger used large intervals. Slow notes were for sorrow, and fast notes were for happiness. Long notes were for accented syllables, and short notes were for unaccented syllables. Minor intervals were for grief, and major intervals were for aggression. Dissonance and clashes in harmony were for harshness or bitterness. Ascending melodies denoted height, and descending melodies denoted depth. Short rapid notes were for laughter, and rests were for sighs.
First melody-phrase note can substitute for sharp or flat notes {oblique organum}.
Medieval Catholic Church music used one soloist who sang trope at constant fourth below, fifth above, or octave below melody sung by choir {organum} {parallel organum}. In England and France, trope in parallel organum was always in counterpoint.
Slow, repeated bass theme was in 3/4 time {passacaglia}.
In 13th century, Catholic-Church music and secular music began to have four independent parts {polyphony}|. Soprano soloist sang one octave above melody. Soloist sang one-fifth above melody {captus}. Choir sang melody as tenor part. Bass soloist sang one octave below melody.
organum
To maintain parallel organum, singers used occasional sharp or flat notes or substituted first melody-phrase notes for sharp or flat notes. Harmony rose as melody fell, or harmony fell as melody rose, until they met at same tone.
instruments
Instruments played tenor, contratenor, and highest part {triplum, music part}.
endings
Harmonic cadences in stanza middle {open ending} or end {closed ending} divided music into phrases.
Romantic music styles {serial technique} can use tone sequences. One note sequence follows regular time and emphasizes unity and harmony. Another note sequence contrasts with regular time and emphasizes variety and discord, making irregular rhythm and dissonance.
Baroque bass instruments were for harmony and contrasted with melody {stile concertato} {concerted style}.
Baroque music used rapid succession of 16th notes to express wrath and indignation {stile concitato} {excited style}.
Camerota groups staged Baroque plays with singing and invented musical recitation style {stile recitativa}.
In 14th century, music started to combine perfect and imperfect time. Tenor voice used one rhythmic pattern {tolca} and one style {isorhythm} {syncopation}|.
Number of chord notes {texture, chord} can be several tones {thin texture} or many tones {rich texture}.
Bells {tocsin} can warn or sound alarms.
Tonic note can be central note {tonality} {tonal music}. Chord inversion relates each note to tonic note.
Three tones or halftones {triad, music} can have thirds between them.
types
Minor third can follow major third {major triad}, so triad can have fundamental, major third, and perfect fifth tones. Major third can follow minor third {minor triad}, so triad can have fundamental, minor third, and perfect fifth tones. These two triads are the most-consonant chords.
Major third can follow major third {augmented triad}. Minor third can follow minor third {diminished triad}.
dominance
Triad can use the fundamental as dominant tone {dominant triad}. Triad can use tonic as fundamental tone {tonic triad} {tonic chord}. Triad can use fundamental as subdominant tone {subdominant triad}. Triad lowest tone can be not the fundamental {inverted triad}.
Organ stop {voix celeste} {celeste} uses pipes tuned sharp or flat to produce beats when used with main pipes.
People anonymously invented dance or situation songs {folk music}.
Narrative songs {ballad, music} can have stanzas, each followed by refrain.
Working men anonymously invented work songs {chantey}|.
Rock songs {folk rock} can derive from folk music forms.
Voice can alternate between normal and falsetto {yodel}|.
Rooms or concert halls emphasize and de-emphasize pitches {acoustics}|.
Woodwind or brass players use lips and tongue {embouchure}|.
Woodwind or brass instruments have apparatus {mouthpiece, instrument} into which people blow air.
Musical instruments make fundamental-note harmonics {tone color}, as does human voice.
Instruments {musical instrument class} {instrument class} have sounds produced by vibrating strings or air columns or by percussing wood, metal, or skin membranes.
Erich von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs [1914] {Sachs-Hornbostel system} {Hornbostel-Sachs system} classed instruments. Instruments {idiophone, Sachs-Hornbostel}, such as xylophone, can vibrate. Instruments {membranophone}, such as drum or kazoo, can have vibrating membranes. Instruments {chordophone}, such as piano or cello, can have vibrating strings. Instruments {aerophone}, such as pipe organ or oboe, can have vibrating air columns. Instruments {electrophone}, such as theremin, can be electronic.
Instruments {brass instrument}| {horn instrument} can use mouthpieces into which breath blows through vibrating lips to vibrate air in variable-length tubing. Brass includes alpenhorn, alto horn, baritone, bugle, French horn, trombone, tuba, cornet, trumpet, cornet, mellophone, and sousaphone.
Instruments {percussion instrument}| can use stick, mallet, or fingers. Percussion instruments can have definite pitch: bells, carillon, celesta, chimes, cimbalon, clavichord, steel drum, glockenspiel like xylophone, harp, harpsichord, marimba, piano, player piano, tuning fork, kettle drum or tympani, vibraphone, and xylophone. Piano can be grand, baby grand, spinet, and upright. Percussion instruments can have no pitch: block, castanet, cymbal, bass drum, bongo drum, snare drum, gong, maraca, tambourine, timbale, tom-tom, and triangle.
Instruments {wind instrument}| can use holes into which or over which air blows into variable-length tubing. Winds include concertina, fife, flute, harmonica, Jew's harp, kazoo, ocarina, piccolo, pipes, pan pipe, pitch pipe, soprano recorder, alto recorder, tenor recorder, bass recorder, slide whistle, and whistle.
Instruments {reed instrument} {woodwind}| can use flexible reed or cane wedges, over which breath blows into variable-length tubing. Woodwinds include bassoon, clarinet, bass clarinet, English horn, oboe, alto saxophone, and tenor saxophone. Oboe and bassoon use reed with two sides, through which air blows {double-reed instrument}, while others use only one reed, over which air blows {single-reed instrument}.
Instruments {string instrument}| can use metal, nylon, or animal sinew strings. Orchestral string instruments are violin, viola or violin cello, viol, bass viol, cello, and double bass or bass. Other string instruments include balalaika, banjo, dulcimer, gamelan, guitar, Aeolian harp, autoharp, lute, lyre, mandolin, sitar, steel guitar, ukelele, and zither.
Drawing a flat horsehair layer {bow, music}, rubbed with rosin, across strings can make sound.
Sounding-board lower-front wood piece {bridge, guitar} raises strings away from instrument body.
Sounding-board lower front has center hole or two f-shaped slits {f-hole}.
String tighteners (peg) pull strings up long, thin part {fingerboard} {neck, instrument}.
Fingerboard can have thin bars {fret} across it.
Plucking strings with a plastic wedge {pick, music} can make sound.
Instruments can have a lower-front wood panel {sounding board, instrument} {sound box}.
Instruments {accordion} can use squeezed air.
Instruments {bagpipe} can use squeezed air.
Orchestra leaders use a stick {baton} to keep time.
Medieval instruments {caps} can have hard metal caps struck to make tone.
Baroque period had harpsichords {clavichord} {clavier}.
Vietnamese one-stringed violins {dan bau} can use a stand.
People play Vietnamese flat stringed instruments {dan tran} with a pick.
People play Indonesian flat stringed instruments {gamelan} with a pick.
People play West-Indies African drums {grand tambour} {tambour} with sticks.
Instruments {idiophone, instrument} {autophone} with no strings or membranes can vibrate. Metal instruments {metallophone} with no strings or membranes can vibrate. Struck idiophones {concussion idiophone} include triangle, bell, marimba, as well as scraped or shaken idiophones, such as maracas, flexatone, and bell. Plucked idiophones include jew's harp, music box, thumb piano, and mbira. Blown idiophones include Aeolsklavier. Instruments {friction idiophone}, such as glass harmonica, daxophone, styrophone, musical saw, and nail violin, can have metal or wood pieces rubbed with bows.
Players can bow Persian one-stringed violins {kamancheh}.
Players can use a pick to play Japanese flat stringed instruments {koto}.
Idiophone instruments {lamellaphone} can have large or small thin metal keys {tongue, key}, attached to wood, that vibrate when pushed and let go. They include thumb piano, Jew's harp, marimbula, music box, sanza, kisanji, likembe, mbira, mbila, and kalimba.
Players can pluck Greek six-stringed harps {lyre} with fingers.
Mexican bands {mariachi band}| can have two violins, two trumpets, Spanish guitar, higher-pitched five-string guitar {vihuela}, and small bass guitar {guitarron}, with no singer.
origins
The sound {son, Mexico} derives from Spanish theatrical orchestras, African music, and Native-American music. Mariachi started in Jalisco {son jalisciense}. Example is La Negra.
In Veracruz, harp replaces guitarron {son veracruzano} {son jarocho}. Example is La Bamba.
Southeast Mexico adds flute {son huasteco} {huapango}. Examples are La Malague-a and Serenata Huasteca.
dance
Mariachi music is for dancing. In Jalisco and Veracruz, dances {zapateado} feature hard pounding by boot heels, to make fast syncopated rhythms. In Guadalajara, Mexican hat dances {jarabe tapatio} have man wearing Jalisco cowboy {charro} clothes and woman wearing shawl and colorful blouse with sequins.
French bagpipe {musette}.
Instruments {organ, instrument} can use air pipes or simulated air pipes. Organs include barrel organ, calliope, glockenspiel, hurdy-gurdy, melodeon, Moog synthesizer, synthesizer, and reed organ.
Percussion instruments {piano, instrument} {pianoforte} can have key levers that bounce felt hammer off string and raise damper off strings. Wood slab beside strings is sounding board. Piano can have two or three pedals. Left pedal keeps all dampers half down. Middle pedal keeps all dampers down. Right pedal keeps all dampers up. Harpsichords use plucking.
Chinese lute {pipa}.
Medieval picks {plectrum} plucked stringed instruments.
Persian hammered 72-string dulcimer {santour}.
In Trinidad, oil drums make xylophone-like instruments {steel band}.
Players pluck Persian three-string guitars {tar, guitar} with fingers.
People play Persian ceramic drums {tombak} with fingers.
Human instruments {voice, singing} can use lungs for energy, vocal chords for frequency, throat as air cavity, head and neck for resonance, and tongue, lips, and mouth for articulation.
Music {jazz} can come from East-Europe polkas, Italian folk and classical music, French woodwind music, military marches, and brass bands [1920].
Latin rhythm {beguine}| can be like Begin the Beguine.
African-American songs [1900] {blues}| can repeat a phrase three times and then have a different fourth phrase.
In the blues, scale third or seventh note can be flat {blue note}.
Chicago jazz [1930] {boogie woogie}| {boogie}.
Brazil jazz [1960] {bossa nova}|.
syncopated piano music [1920] {cakewalk}|.
syncopated piano music [1920] {honky-tonk}|.
syncopated piano music [1920] {jig, music}|.
jazzy piano music [1920] {quadrille, music}.
syncopated song [1890 to 1910] {ragtime}|.
love song [1920 to 1960] {torch song}.
Music terms {music notation} indicate music play.
notation {tablature}|.
Play accompaniment in any manner or leave out {ad libitum}.
Play until jump sign {al Coda}, and then go to the word CODA.
Play until jump sign {al Fine}, and then go to the word FINE.
Go back to beginning {D.C.} {da capo}.
Go back to sign {D.S.} {dal segno}.
Perform as directed but more than normal {molto}, such as allegro molto.
Play accompaniment or leave out {obbligato}.
Play as if speaking {parlando}.
Play in quick staccato {pizzicato}.
Perform as directed but less than normal {poco, music}, such as allegro poco.
Perform playfully {scherzando}.
Play same direction through whole composition {sempre}.
Play with strong stress {sforzando}.
Play quickly {veloce}.
Rapidly and slightly alternate pitch {vibrato}.
Scores can have small-type notes {appoggiatura}, not counted in rhythm, one step above or below notes.
Harmonic tones can go up or down in succession {arpeggio}|.
Musical signs {fermata} can indicate to hold note longer.
Embellishment notes {grace note}|, such as appoggiaturas, can be in small type in scores, because they do not count in rhythm.
Musical signs {ligature, music}| can join notes.
Play short trill {mordent}.
Hold bass tonic or dominant note {organ point} {pedal point}.
Glide from tone to next tone, using voice or string-instrument bow {portamento}.
Rapidly repeat note or rapidly alternate between two notes {tremolo}.
Play brass-instrument triplets t-t-k {triple-tongue}.
Go to musical-phrase beginning {CODA sign}.
Go to end {FINE sign}.
Stop playing at a symbol {stop, music}.
Five parallel horizontal lines {staff, music}| represent possible notes. Notes are open or closed circles, typically with vertical lines.
Five staff lines {clef}| can represent notes in different systems. Second line from bottom can represent G {treble clef} {G clef}. Second line from top can represent F {bass clef} {F clef}. Treble clef is for high notes, and bass clef is for low notes. Middle line can represent C {alto clef} {tenor clef} {C clef}.
People can perform for directors and/or producers {audition, competition} to select for shows.
Singers {cantor}| can sing in Jewish-ceremony musical parts.
Musical performers have published records, tapes, CDs, or DVDs {discography}.
Female opera singers {diva} {prima donna} can be among the best.
Players can have short-term contracts {gig, singing} to play at bars, hotel lounges, nightclubs, or dance halls.
Folk singers can gather {hootenanny}.
Jazz musicians can play together informally {jam session}.
Instruments can play melody and accompaniment, while amateur singer substitutes for original singer {karaoke}|.
From 14th to 16th centuries in Germany, professional singers {meistersinger} and poetry readers were in guilds.
Player can perform solo or with few others in small venue {recital}.
Players can improvise musical phrase {riff}.
Musicians plays songs {set, songs} at concerts.
Theories {music theory} can be about tone, melody, rhythm, and scales.
Note sequences {melody} can rise, fall, or stay the same. Line or phrase notes typically go up, go down, pause, and build to climax. Melody typically repeats phrases. Melody can have small interval between adjacent notes {conjunction, notes} or large interval {disjunction, notes}. Humans can recognize melody from several notes. People perceive melodies more easily at higher frequencies.
Larger pitch changes are typically between longer-duration notes, and smaller pitch changes are typically between shorter-duration notes {Fitts' law} {Fitts law} {leap lengthening}. Large pitch changes are typically upward [Fitts, 1954].
Melody typically goes down after large rise and goes up after large fall {post-skip reversal}, because it reaches range end.
Regular musical beats {rhythm, music} can vary by slightly altering note times and by changing middle beats.
Music can have pauses {rest, music}. Rest can be for whole beat {whole rest}, half beat {half rest}, quarter beat {quarter rest}, eighth beat {eighth rest}, or sixteenth beat {sixteenth rest}.
In written music, one note {upbeat} can be before first measure.
Beats have groups {measure, music}. Measures have same number of beats. Measure type determines rhythm. First beat usually has stress. Recurrent and non-recurrent rhythm patterns over several measures can make stresses, which are the same as, complementary to, or opposite from meter.
Measures can have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 9 beats and have same stressed and unstressed beats {meter, music} {time signature}: 2/4 time, 2/2 time, 3/4 time, 3/8 time, or 4/4 time.
Measures can have two quarter notes {duple time} {2/4 time}.
Measures can have two half notes {alla breve}.
Measures can have three quarter notes {3/4 time} or three eighth notes {3/8 time} {triple time}.
Measures can have four quarter notes {quadruple time} {common time} {4/4 time}.
Measures can have two or more duple or triple meters {compound measure} {compound time}. In compound time, first-duple or first-triple first beat has stress, and second-duple or second-triple first beat has slightly less stress. Compound-meter measures can have six quarter notes {6/4 time}, six eighth notes {6/8 time}, nine eighth notes {9/8 time}, or twelve eighth notes {12/8 time}.
Rather than using one second as time unit, music has its own time unit {beat, rhythm}. Beats {whole note} can divide into half beats {half note}, quarter beats {quarter note}, eighth beats {eighth note}, or sixteenth beats {sixteenth note}. Notes can sound for any number of beats or beat fractions. Notes can have 1.5 beats {dotted note, beat}, 0.75 beats {dotted half note}, 0.375 beats {dotted quarter note}, and 0.1875 beats {dotted eighth note}.
In late 12th century, besides long notes, chants began to use short notes {brevis}. Brevis had one beat. Long had two beats. One long equaled two brevis. As in poetry, brevis and long can make two-syllable, three-syllable, or four-syllable meters: pyrrhic, iamb, trochee, spondee, tribrach, anapest, dactyl, and dispondee.
Later, chants began to use notes that combined long and brevis to make "longshort" three-beat notes. Then, trochee was long-short. Dactyl was long-short-short or longshort-short-long. Anapest was long-long-longshort. Spondee was longshort-longshort. Tribrach was short-short-short.
European time units {tempus} equal to brevis began [1300 to 1400]. Tempus had two or three parts {semibreve}, each of which had two or three parts {semibreve minimae} {minimae}. Time types were three semibreves {perfect time} or two semibreves {imperfect time}, to make four time signatures {prolation}. 2/4 time had two semibreves with two minimae. 6/8 time had two semibreves with three minimae. 3/4 time had three semibreves with two minimae. 9/8 time had three semibreves with three minimae.
Rhythm can use up {levatio} hand motions. Last phrase tone can end on levatio {metric rhythm}.
Rhythm can use down {positio} hand motions. Musical phrases can end with rest as long as positio.
A second note {accented note} can quickly play after a note.
Notes {dashed note} can be longer in time than normal beat, as indicated by a dash over or under note.
Notes {dotted note, note} can be shorter in time than normal beat, as indicated by a dot over or under note.
Two different-pitch notes can slide from one to the other {slur, music}.
Two same-pitch or different-pitch notes can link {tie, music}.
Musicians can play smoothly {legato}.
Musicians can play short sharp crisp notes {staccato}.
Musicians can increase tempo {accelerando}.
Musicians can play slow {ritardando}.
Musicians can use any tempo {rubato}.
short-short {pyrrhic, music}.
short-long {iamb, music}.
long-short {trochee, music}.
long-long or longshort-longshort {spondee, music}.
short-short-short {tribrach}.
short-short-long or long-long-longshort {anapest, music}.
long-short-short or longshort-short-long {dactyl, music}.
long-long-long-long {dispondee}.
Beats have speed {tempo}|.
extremely fast {presto}.
very fast {vivace}.
fast {allegro, tempo}.
moderately fast {allegretto}.
moderate {moderato}.
moderately slow {andante}.
slow {lento}.
very slow {adagio, tempo}.
very slow and broad {largo}.
All scale systems {scale, music} {musical scale} depend on notes in octaves. Octaves can have tones, halftones, and quartertones. In many cultures, non-harmonic frequency ratios between notes fit notes into octave. For example, music of India has twenty-two microtones in octave.
Octave can have 42 evenly spaced tones {42-tone scale}.
The twelve octave semitones can have equal frequency spacing {chromatic scale}| {modern scale}. Twelve major and twelve minor chromatic keys are available. Major keys use tone-tone-semitone-tone-tone-tone-semitone. Minor keys use tone-semitone-tone-tone-semitone-tone-tone. Chromatic keys start on different semitones. All major keys sound the same, and all minor keys sound the same.
Diatonic scales {concordant scale} can have correct intervals and not use octaves. Alternatively, octaves can have unequal intervals to fit into octave, but singers altered tones to make correct intervals.
In 16th century, concordant-scale note intervals changed to fit the twelve scale tones into octave, with almost equal intervals between semitones {tempering the scale} {discordant scale} {discordance}.
Scales {ecclesiastical scale} can use fewer than five tones.
Scales {enharmonic scale} can use octave tones and quartertones.
Octaves can have five whole tones {pentatonic scale} {five-tone scale} {Greek scale}.
Octaves can have 24 quartertones {quartertone scale}.
Octaves can have six whole tones {whole-tone scale} {six-tone scale}.
Octaves can have five whole notes and two halftones {diatonic scale}|. Diatonic scales used other note spacing in 1600s but now are only major or minor scales.
Diatonic scales {major scale}| can have intervals tone-tone-semitone-tone-tone-tone-semitone and sound lighter and brighter.
Diatonic scales {minor scale}| can have intervals tone-semitone-tone-tone-semitone-tone-tone and sound heavier and darker.
Equal temperament scales have no sharps or flats {open key} {C key} {key of C}, one sharp note, one flat note, and so on.
The twelve acoustically correct diatonic-scale intervals do not make exact octaves, missing by one quartertone {Pythagorean comma}. To fit intervals into octaves, different keys {mode, Greek music} use different interval series, with different spacing between tones and semitones, so keys sound different.
Diatonic scales can start on first note {fundamental, music} {tonic, tone} {key, diatonic}.
Major diatonic scales have tone {dominant tone}| a fifth above tonic, in frequency ratio 3:2.
Major diatonic scales have tone {subdominant tone}| a fourth above tonic, in frequency ratio 4:3.
Major diatonic scales have tone {leading tone}| seventh above tonic, in frequency ratio 9:5 or 15:8.
Ancient Greece used eight different scales {mode, scale}, named after different tribes. Notes and intervals are the same for all modes, but fundamental tone and central tone differ.
Modes have associated moods {ethos, music}.
Greek modes were descending scales, so top tone was fundamental tone. Modes had central tones {nese}.
Dorian-mode nese is central tone of interval from second F below middle C to F above middle C {greater perfect system}.
Notes {chroma, pitch}, such as A, B, C, D, E, F, or G, are in each octave. Pitch takes into account chroma and octave.
Two tones can sound the same {tonal fusion}. Unison, octave, perfect fifth, and perfect fourth tend to fuse.
In 19th century, spacing the 12 semitones equally in the octave allows all keys to transpose {equal temperament tuning}, though different instruments tune to different keys. In equal temperament, all keys sound the same.
19th-century music scales can have pure fifths and pure thirds {just temperament} {just intonation}, instead of only pure fifths.
As musical instruments improved in 16th century, scales used fixed and unequal intervals between notes {meantone}. To make pure third, each fifth added equal frequency ranges. However, this created quartertones in higher keys. In meantone, keys have different sounds.
In 16th century, meantone changed to allow instruments to play full chords in all keys {well-tempered}. In well-tempered scale, keys have different sounds.
Song forms {song forms} are aaab, aaba, and abab.
Sound has vibration frequency {note, music} {tone, music} {pitch, music}. Sounds with one frequency are pure tones. Letters or syllables represent whole tones: do C, re D, mi E, fa F, so G, la A, and ti B. Between two whole tones are two halftones or four quartertones.
shift between keys {modulation, music}.
Notes {microtone} can be at unequal and non-harmonic intervals in the octave. For example, music of India has twenty-two microtones {sruti, tone} in octave.
Two tones have a number of tones {interval, music} between them. Interval can be halftone {minor second} or whole tone {major second}.
Interval can be whole tone and halftone {minor third}, with frequency ratio 6:5, or two whole tones {major third}, with frequency ratio 5:4.
Interval can be whole tone and two halftones {diminished fourth, interval}, two whole tones and halftone {perfect fourth, interval}, or three whole tones {augmented fourth, interval}.
Interval can be two whole tones and two halftones {divided fifth}, three whole tones and one halftone {perfect fifth}, with frequency ratio 3:2, or four whole tones {augmented fifth}.
Interval can be three whole tones and two halftones {minor sixth}, with frequency ratio 8:5, or four whole tones and one halftone {major sixth}, with frequency ratio 5:3.
Interval can be three whole tones and three halftones {divided seventh}, four whole tones and two halftones {minor seventh}, or five whole tones and one halftone {major seventh}.
Interval can be five whole tones and two halftones {octave, interval}, so one tone has twice the other's frequency.
First concert music used two simultaneous notes, with ratio 2:1 between frequencies {octave, music}.
Three-tone intervals {tritone} can be whole tone and two halftones {diminished fourth, tritone}, two whole tones and halftone {perfect fourth, tritone}, or three whole tones {augmented fourth, tritone}.
Two tones heard together can sound pleasing {consonance, music} {harmonics, music} or sound harsh {dissonance, music}. Humans experience tension in dissonance and repose in consonance.
musical intervals
Two musical notes have musical notes between them. Perfect first means one note with zero notes between. Perfect octave means notes are separate by eight notes. Second means notes are separate by two notes. Third means notes are separate by three notes, and so on for fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh.
frequency ratio
Tones have vibration frequencies, and two tones have frequency ratio.
ratio pairs
Frequency ratio can be higher frequency to lower frequency or lower to higher. Example is 200/100 or 100/200. Because tones are the same, both ratios have same consonance or dissonance. Musical intervals therefore are ratio pairs, each other's inverse.
Perfect first has ratio 1/1, whose inverse is also 1/1.
Perfect octave has ratios 2/1 and 1/2. Interval 2:1 is the same as interval 1/2, with octave and fundamental exchanged. Fundamental has octave 2/1 and subfundamental 1/2. Octave is most pleasing {perfect consonance}.
Perfect fifth has ratio 3/2, and perfect fourth has ratio 4/3 = 1/((3/2) * (1/2)). They are very pleasing.
Major third has ratio 5/4, and minor sixth has ratio 8/5 = 1/((5/4) * (1/2)). Minor third has ratio 6/5, and major sixth has ratio 5/3 = 1/((6/5) * (1/2)). They are pleasing {imperfect consonance}.
Other ratio pairs are 7/4 and 8/7, 7/5 and 10/7, 9/5 and 10/9, 7/6 and 12/7, 11/6 and 12/11, 9/7 and 14/9, 11/7 and 14/11, 13/7 and 14/13, 9/8 and 16/9, 11/8 and 16/11, 13/8 and 16/13, and 15/8 and 16/15. They are inharmonious. Dissonance increases with distance from octave.
musical interval pairs
Musical-interval pairs add to nine notes: perfect first and perfect octave, perfect fifth and perfect fourth, major sixth and minor third, major third and minor sixth, major seventh and minor second, and major second and minor seventh.
overtones
Fundamental tones have overtones. First overtone has frequency two times fundamental frequency. First overtone is the octave.
Second overtone has frequency three times fundamental frequency. Because 3/1 * 1/2 = 3/2, second overtone is same tone as perfect fifth and perfect fourth but over two octaves.
Third overtone has frequency four times fundamental frequency. Because 4/1 * 1/2 = 2/1, third overtone is same tone as octave, but over two octaves. First three overtones sound harmonious, stable, and pleasing.
Fourth overtone has frequency five times fundamental frequency. Because 5/1 * 1/4 = 5/4, fourth overtone is same tone as major third and major sixth, but over three octaves. It is somewhat harmonious.
one tone {unison, music}.
Tone and octave-above or octave-below tone {diapason, music}| are harmonious. Pipe organs have a diapason stop to express tone and its octaves.
Symbols {sharp sign} added after letter or symbol can raise note one halftone.
Symbols {flat sign} added after letter or symbol can lower note one halftone.
Symbols {natural sign, music} added after letter or symbol can indicate to play tone with no sharp or flat, though key uses sharp or flat tone.
Sharp, flat, or natural symbol changes note {accidental note} from normal tone in key.
Two or more notes can sound simultaneously, by same or different instruments or voices {chord, music}. Related chords share tone.
Chords can have four tones {tetrachord}.
Tetrachord can divide intervals three ways {genera}: diatonic, chromatic, and enharmonic.
Intervals can have two whole tones and one halftone {diatonic interval}, such as C, D, E, and F.
Intervals can have one minor third and two halftones {chromatic interval}, such as C, D#, E, and F.
Intervals can have one major third and two quartertones {enharmonic interval}, such as C, E, E/F, and F.
Sound has intensity {loudness, music} {volume, sound}.
very loud {fortissimo}.
loud {forte, loudness}.
moderately loud {mezzoforte}.
moderately soft {mezzopiano}.
soft {piano, loudness}.
very soft {pianissimo}.
Music can increase loudness {crescendo}. If loudness increases too much, people do not perceive crescendo. People can perceive crescendo better than diminuendo. For example, Beethoven used gradual crescendo and abrupt diminuendo.
Music can decrease loudness {decrescendo}.
Music can diminish loudness {diminuendo}.
Music {Asian music} can have melody and rhythm, uses pentatonic scale, has no harmony, uses chords with no key relations, and uses tetrachord.
Music {Greek music} can use two, three, or four long and short syllable meters. Different meters can be in one song. Melodies have small tone changes, with no harmony, but use tetrachords.
Persian musical system has seven modes {khosravani} {khusravani}, thirty derivative modes {magham} {lahn}, and three hundred sixty melodies {dastan}.
Music {Cuban music} can have European, folk, sacred, and jazz roots.
Cuban popular dance music {son, Cuba} can be from Oriente province. Son includes Son-montuno, Afro-son, and Guajira-son {changui}. Slower son {Guajira} has piano or guitar arpeggios, as in the song Guantanamera. Son can have ballads {bolero, music}.
Son is basis of salsa, which has derivatives {songo} and {timba}.
Flamenco has an offshoot {zapateo}.
Folk music {rumba, music} has drums and call-and-response singing.
Lucumi-religion sacred music {Yoruba music} uses bata drums.
European dance styles evolved {danzón}. Danzon has section {nuevo ritmo}, which evolved in 1940s and 1950s {mambo, music}. Mambo has a branch {cha-cha, music}.
Jazz has a branch {descarga}.
Music can be for Carnaval in Mozambique {conga, music}.
Instrumental music uses flutes and violins {pachanga} {charanga}.
Dance music from Pilón is about sugarcane pounding {pilón}.
instruments
Instruments are lute-like or mandolin-like {laud, instrument}, claves, maracas, ukelele {cuatro} {tiple}, lute {charango}, ocarina {zampona}, panpipes {antara}, thumb piano, cowbell, bongo drums, conga drum {tumba} {nino}, and three-stringed guitar {tres, guitar}. Instruments can be gourds with notches scraped by a stick {guiro} {guayo} {cacho}. Instruments can be wooden spools with metal beads {cabaca}.
Persian Sassanid songs {surud} used khosravani, lakui, or uramani form.
Music {Thai music} can use 18-bar phrases.
Cheo is popular opera {Vietnamese music}, typically using clowns, from near Red River. Tuong is classical opera of 17th and 18th centuries, from south center. Cai Luong is from Mekong River delta and sings character thoughts. Music accompanies water puppets. Quan Ho is folk songs from Bac Ninh in north.
Music has Christmas music, classical music and opera, college songs, country and western music, folk music, children's songs, hymns, jazz, musicals, movie music, popular music, rock music, and traditional world music.
traditional.
traditional. Modern version appeared in 1833.
traditional. Robert Davis wrote modern words [1925 to 1934].
traditional.
traditional.
traditional.
traditional.
Gerhardt lived 1607 to 1676. Winkworth lived 1829 to 1878. Ebeling lived 1637 to 1676.
Watts lived 1674 to 1748. Mason lived 1792 to 1872.
Wesley lived 1757 to 1834.
Mohr lived 1792 to 1848. Gruber lived 1787 to 1863.
Reading lived 1677 to 1764.
Cappeau lived 1808 to 1877. Adam lived 1803 to 1856.
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Caswell lived 1814 to 1873. Goss lived 1800 to 1880.
He lived 1820 to 1891.
Dix lived 1837 to 1898. Kocher lived 1786 to 1872.
He lived 1822 to 1893.
Sears lived 1810 to 1876. Willis lived 1819 to 1900.
Calkin lived 1827 to ?.
Brooks lived 1835 to 1893. Redner lived 1830 to 1908.
McFarland lived 1851 to 1913. Kirkpatrick lived 1838 to 1932. First two verses are anonymous [1885].
She lived 1858 to 1924. Lyrics are traditional.
He lived 1877 to 1921.
Smith lived 1901 to 1935. Bernard lived 1897 to 1944.
Martin lived 1914 to ?.
Wells lived 1922 to ?. Torme lived 1925 to 1999.
Autry lived 1907 to 1998. Haldeman lived 1909 to 1986.
Parish lived 1900 to 1993. Anderson lived 1908 to 1975.
He lived 1894 to 1995.
He lived 1909 to 1985.
Patty lived 1920 to ?. Maxene lived 1916 to 1995. Laverne lived 1911 to 1967.
Rollins lived 1906 to 1973.
Davis lived 1892 to 1980. Simeone lived 1911 to 2005.
Regney lived 1922 to 2002.
Music used 15 keys, similar to modern keys.
Scale used syllables do, re, mi, fa, so, la {solmization syllable}, in ascending order. Halftone is between mi and fa, and whole tones are between others. ti or si and higher do came later.
He lived 995 to 1050, wrote masses and Gregorian chants, and invented clef.
He lived 1087 to 1127 and composed troubadour love poetry and music.
He lived 1135 to 1201 and worked at Notre Dame Cathedral. He added second descant part above the Gregorian chant and so composed organum polyphonic music. He developed chant-note rhythm and time notation.
He lived 1160 to 1203, was Leonin's student, and worked at Notre Dame Cathedral. He added two more voices {triplum voice} {quadruplum voice} above chant and renamed descant {duplum voice}.
Bishop of Meaux lived 1291 to 1361 and developed four prolation time signatures.
He lived 1300 to 1346 and developed minstrels.
He lived 1330 to 1397, wrote madrigals, ballato, and cacia, and began the Landini cadence.
He lived 1400 to 1474 and first used thirds, sixths, and false bass.
He lived 1470 to 1525 and composed Mannerist frottole.
He lived 1470 to 1535 and composed Mannerist frottole.
He lived 1440 to 1521. He composed Renaissance motets that used paired voices and followed text in both rhythm and phrasing.
He lived 1490 to 1562 and composed Mannerist madrigals.
He lived 1475 to 1552 and composed Mannerist madrigals.
He lived 1490 to 1545 and composed Mannerist madrigals.
He lived 1504 to 1568 and composed Mannerist madrigals.
He lived 1532 to 1594, composed masses, motets, and choral music, and invented cross-relation.
He lived 1528 to 1591 and composed Baroque monodic works.
He lived 1520 to 1578 and perfected violins [1564], labeling them Amadus or Andreas Amatus and using varnish with amber color. His sons, Antonio Amati and Girolamo Amati, used Antonius Amatus and Hieronymus Amatus. Girolamo Amati's son Niccolò Amati [1596 to 1684] built the best ones [1645], labeling them Nicolaus Amatus. His students were Antonio Stradivari, Andrea Guarneri, and his son Girolamo Amati [1649 to 1740].
He lived 1524 to 1594 and composed masses, motets, and choral music.
He lived 1553 to 1599 and composed Mannerist madrigals with five voices.
He lived 1566 to 1613 and composed Baroque polyphonic madrigals.
He lived 1557 to 1612 and used contrasting pitch and color.
He lived 1585 to 1672 and composed Baroque bel canto.
He lived 1595 to 1665 and composed Baroque and rococo sonatas.
He lived 1605 to 1674 and composed Baroque cantatas.
He lived 1571 to 1630 and composed Baroque sonatas using violin.
He lived 1582 to 1652 and composed masses.
He lived 1598 to 1653 and composed Baroque cantatas.
He lived 1616 to 1667 and composed Baroque harpsichord concertos.
He lived 1637 to 1707 and composed organ chorales, preludes, cantatas, oratorios, and sonatas. He used old notation {organ tablature}.
He lived 1660 to 1725 and composed Italian overtures, da capo arias, operas, cantatas, oratorios, and masses.
He lived 1653 to 1713 and composed sonatas.
He lived 1653 to 1706.
He lived 1685 to 1750 and composed Baroque polyphonic works.
He lived 1644 to 1737 and perfected violin, which he signed Antonius Stravidarius.
He lived 1668 to 1733.
He lived 1683 to 1764.
He lived 1678 to 1741.
He lived 1671 to 1750. He wrote oboe concertos.
He lived 1685 to 1757 and developed Baroque da capo arias and Italian overtures.
He lived 1719 to 1787.
He lived 1737 to 1791.
He lived 1732 to 1809.
He lived 1770 to 1827.
He lived 1797 to 1828 and composed lied.
He lived 1782 to 1840 and composed violin music.
He lived 1810 to 1849 and composed preludes, waltzes, nocturnes, and polonaises.
He lived 1809 to 1847.
He lived 1765 to 1833.
He lived 1810 to 1856.
He lived 1811 to 1886 and composed symphonies and tone poems.
He lived 1804 to 1849.
He lived 1829 to 1894.
He lived 1825 to 1899 and composed operettas.
He lived 1835 to 1921 and composed symphonies and operas.
He lived 1843 to 1907.
He lived 1833 to 1897.
He lived 1841 to 1904.
He lived 1824 to 1884.
He lived 1840 to 1893.
He lived 1839 to 1881.
He lived 1844 to 1908.
He lived 1822 to 1890.
He lived 1833 to 1887.
He lived 1845 to 1924.
He lived 1844 to 1908 and composed symphonies and operas.
He lived 1867 to 1957.
He lived 1860 to 1911 and composed nine symphonies.
He lived 1866 to 1925.
He lived 1873 to 1916 and composed symphonies.
He lived 1862 to 1918, was Impressionist, and used pentatonic and six-tone whole-tone scales.
He lived 1865 to 1957.
He lived 1873 to 1943.
He lived 1824 to 1896 and composed nine symphonies and string quartet.
He lived 1851 to 1931 and founded the Schola Cantorum early-music school [1894] in Paris as alternative to the Paris Conservatory.
He lived 1872 to 1915.
He lived 1857 to 1934.
He lived 1874 to 1951 and used tone-row technique.
He lived 1872 to 1958.
He lived 1875 to 1937.
He lived 1874 to 1954.
He lived 1882 to 1967.
He lived 1883 to 1945.
He lived 1860 to 1941.
He lived 1882 to 1971 and used serial technique.
He lived 1881 to 1945.
He lived 1876 to 1973.
He lived 1879 to 1936.
He lived 1891 to 1953.
He lived 1876 to 1946.
He lived 1892 to 1974.
He lived 1875 to 1959.
He lived 1882 to 1973 and composed eight string quartets.
He lived 1892 to 1972.
He lived 1892 to 1955 and composed five symphonies.
He lived 1895 to 1963.
He lived 1887 to 1959.
He lived 1883 to 1965.
He lived 1906 to 1975 and composed symphonies.
He lived 1893 to 1987.
He lived 1903 to 1989.
He lived 1894 to 1976.
He lived 1893 to 1981 and composed electronic music.
He lived 1898 to 1979.
He lived 1900 to 1990.
He lived 1910 to 1981.
He lived 1887 to 1982.
He lived 1917 to 2003.
He lived 1901 to 1999.
He lived 1882 to 1977.
He lived 1903 to 1978.
He lived 1901 to 1980.
He lived 1899 to 1978 and composed Native American music.
He lived 1902 to 1983 and composed symphonies.
He lived 1916 to 1999.
He lived 1896 to 1989 and composed symphonies and opera.
He lived 1901 to 1974 and used the 43-tone scale.
He lived 1901 to 1987.
He lived 1885 to 1957.
He lived 1912 to 1992 and composed electronic music.
He lived 1910 to 1992 and composed symphonies.
He lived 1904 to 1975 and composed operas and choral music in 12-tone technique.
He lived 1899 to 1963 and composed symphonies.
.
He lived 1925 to ?.
He lived 1934 to 1999.
He lived 1903 to 1993. Flamenco.
He lived 1899 to 1985.
He lived 1896 to 1985 and composed symphonies.
He lived 1924 to 1994 and composed electronic music.
Opera began in Count Bordi's house.
He lived 1561 to 1633.
Emasculated singers were first used to obtain high male voice {castrati}.
He lived 1567 to 1643, composed Baroque polyphonic madrigals, and began stile concitato in opera.
He lived 1659 to 1695.
He lived 1685 to 1759 and used arias.
He lived 1714 to 1787 and used drama in opera seria.
He lived 1756 to 1791. His operas had finales.
He lived 1792 to 1868.
He lived 1786 to 1826.
He lived 1803 to 1869.
He lived 1801 to 1835.
He lived 1797 to 1848.
He lived 1804 to 1857.
He lived 1813 to 1901.
He lived 1813 to 1883. Operas had leitmotifs and chromaticism, with continuous melody, no melodic or poetic repetitions, and no separate arias or recitativas.
He lived 1819 to 1895.
He lived 1812 to 1883.
He lived 1818 to 1893.
He lived 1819 to 1880.
He lived 1838 to 1875.
He lived 1834 to 1886.
He lived 1842 to 1912.
He lived 1863 to 1945.
He lived 1858 to 1919.
He lived 1854 to 1921.
He lived 1858 to 1924.
He lived 1867 to 1948.
He lived 1864 to 1949 and composed symphonies and operas.
He lived 1854 to 1928.
He lived 1873 to 1921 and sang opera music.
He lived 1885 to 1935 and composed symphonies and operas.
He lived 1900 to 1991.
She lived 1904 to 1976.
She lived 1895 to 1962.
He lived 1913 to 1976.
She lived 1898 to 1992.
He lived 1911 to ?.
She lived 1923 to 1977.
She lived 1934 to ?.
She lived 1927 to ?.
He lived 1935 to ?.
He lived 1941 to ?.
He lived 1946 to ?.
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Hugh Hodgson arranged it [1915].
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He lived ? to 1947.
Zimmermann lived 1861 to 1916. Miles lived 1883 to 1956.
Frank Roman arranged it [1920].
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He lived 1879 to 1941.
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George Steiner rewrote words [1970]. Flemming lived 1778 to 1813.
He lived 1899 to 1964.
He lived 1898 to 1954.
He lived 1868 to 1949. His daughter Rosa Lee was Moonshine Kate.
He lived 1883 to 1948.
He lived 1893 to 1968 and was from Blue Ridge Mountains.
He lived 1892 to 1931 and led the North Carolina Ramblers.
He lived 1894 to 1946 and was in Clayton McMichen's Hometown Band and the Skillet Lickers.
He lived 1899 to 1982.
Gid Tanner and His Skillet Lickers. He lived 1885 to 1960.
He lived 1897 to 1933 and sang the blues. He was the Singing Brakeman and the Blue Yodeler.
He lived 1891 to 1960. Sara Doughtety Carter lived 1898 to 1979 and played autoharp and guitar. Maybelle Carter lived 1909 to 1978 and played guitar.
He lived 1904 to 2006.
He lived 1905 to 1974 and sang western music.
Autry lived 1907 to 1998. Whitley lived 1901 to 1979.
He lived 1905 to 1975 and led the Wills Fiddle Band, Light Crust Doughboys, and the Texas Playboys.
Swander lived 1906 to ?.
He lived 1914 to 1984.
He lived 1918 to 2008.
He lived 1905 to 1974 and played rockabilly.
Reisfeld lived 1906 to 1974.
They played with the Foggy Mountain Boys. Flatt lived 1914 to 1979 and played five-string banjo. Scruggs lived 1924 to ? and played banjo.
He lived 1917 to 1983.
Stewart lived 1923 to 2003. King lived 1914 to 1999.
Cash lived 1932 to 2003. Jones lived 1914 to 1963.
He lived 1923 to 1953.
He lived 1910 to 1968 and played Texas Swing guitar.
He lived 1914 to 1999.
She lived 1912 to 2001.
He lived 1926 to ? and played honky tonk, as in the 4/4 country shuffle called the Ray Price beat.
He lived 1934 to 2004.
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Bill Flagg and His Rockabillies. He lived 1934 to ? and played the first rockabilly.
He lived 1929 to ? and was the "country gentleman".
He lived 1932 to 2003.
Boudleaux Bryant lived 1920 to 1987. Felice Bryant lived 1925 to 2003.
He lived 1903 to 1992.
She lived 1932 to 1963.
Joe Allison lived 1924 to 2002.
He lived 1921 to ?.
He lived 1933 to ?.
He lived 1928 to ?.
He lived 1934 to ?.
He lived 1929 to 2006.
He lived 1936 to ?.
He lived 1924 to 2001.
He lived 1937 to ? and played Western swing.
She lived 1935 to ?.
He lived 1937 to 2001.
He lived 1936 to ?.
He lived 1938 to ?.
He lived 1913 to 2002.
She lived 1942 to 1998.
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He lived 1933 to ?.
He lived 1962 to ?.
He lived 1962 to ?.
He lived 1961 to ?.
Country dance music {Western Swing}| {Country Swing} can be in southwest-USA style. Bob Wills lived 1905 to 1975 and led the Texas Playboys.
Appalachian-Mountain folk music {Appalachian style} derived from old English styles.
New-Orleans syncopated two-step or waltz music {Cajun music}| can use fiddle and accordion. It came from French Catholic sources. D. L. Menard, Dewey Balfa, Belton Richard, Blind Uncle Gaspard, and Harry Choates preceded Balfa Toujours, Steve Riley, the Mamou Playboys, and La Bande Feufollet.
Country music can use different-size jugs {jug band}|, guitar, washtub, washboard, spoons, kazoo, and mandolin. Players blow air across jug tops.
Arthur Crudup, Elvis, Sam Perkins, and Bill Flagg played {rockabilly}|.
Folk ballads can be western-movie style {western music}|. Roy Rogers and Gene Autry were western music singers.
Music {Zydeco}| developed from Creole music and New Orleans style jazz [1910 to 1930]. Southwest-Louisiana syncopated fast-paced music {la-la} {zodico} uses accordions or melodeons, corrugated metal boards {frottoir} {rub-board}, drums, and electric guitars. Amédé Ardoin [1928], Beau Jocque, Boozoo Chavis, Clifton Chenier, Buckwheat Zydeco, and Rockin' Sidney are Zydeco musicians. Rockin' Sidney played My Toot Toot.
South-USA folk music {bluegrass, music}| uses mandolin, violin, banjo, or guitar at fast tempo. It often has improvisations as instruments take the melody in turn, as in jazz. It derived from British folk music. Bill Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys began bluegrass [1939]. The Foggy Mountain Boys, the Stanley Brothers, and Don Reno followed. Earl Scruggs used three-finger banjo roll {Scruggs style}. Lester Flatt sang and played guitar.
Wynn Stewart, Merle Haggard, Buck Owens, and Roy Clark developed modern country sounds {Bakersfield Sound}.
Modern country music {Nashville Sound} uses jazz and popular styles. Chet Atkins, Owen Bradley, Bob Ferguson, Patsy Cline, and Floyd Cramer were stars in the first decade. It became countrypolitan in later 1960's.
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Civil War.
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Chassid from Radomsker altered the Shabbat song Yismichu B'malchuskha [1850 to 1900].
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cowboy.
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Engaged couple ties wedding bow with their feet.
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First published in Tea Table Miscellany or a Collection of Choice Songs, Scots and English, edited by Allan Ramsay [1740].
He lived 1572 to 1637.
He lived 1759 to 1796.
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Proffit lived 1897 to 1938.
I had a cat, and the cat pleased me...
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traditional.
traditional.
traditional.
traditional.
traditional.
He lived 1483 to 1546.
He lived 1575 to 1625.
Ken lived 1637 to ?. Bourgeois lived 1515 to 1559.
Watts lived 1674 to 1748.
traditional [200 to 300]. Neale lived 1818 to 1866. Meineke lived [1782 to 1850].
Doddridge lived 1702 to 1751. Rimbault lived 1816 to 1876.
Newton lived 1725 to 1807. Cowper lived 1731 to 1800.
Toplady lived 1740 to 1778. Hastings lived 1784 to 1872.
Adams lived 1805 to 1848. Mason lived 1792 to 1872.
Lyte lived 1793 to 1847. Monk lived 1823 to 1889.
Faber lived 1814 to 1863. Hemy lived 1818 to 1888. Walton lived 1821 to 1905.
Barnby lived 1838 to 1896.
Scriven lived 1820 to 1886. Converse lived 1832 to 1918.
He lived 1830 to 1918.
Anna Warner lived 1820 to 1915. Susan Warner lived 1819 to 1885. Bradbury lived 1816 to 1868.
He lived 1808 to 1895.
Howe lived 1819 to 1910. Steffe lived 1830 to 1890.
He lived 1826 to 1899.
Baring-Gould lived 1834 to 1924. Sullivan lived 1842 to 1900.
Webster lived 1819 to 1875. Bennett lived 1836 to 1898.
Shaw lived 1834 to 1878. Minor lived 1845 to 1904.
Lathbury lived 1841 to 1913. Sherwin lived 1826 to 1888.
He lived 1856 to 1938.
Black lived 1856 to 1938.
Oatman lived 1856 to 1922.
He lived 1858 to 1931.
Babcock lived 1858 to 1901. Sheppard lived 1852 to 1930.
Habershon lived 1861 to 1918. Gabriel lived 1856 to 1932.
He lived 1852 to 1933.
He lived 1873 to 1958.
Gabriel lived 1856 to 1932.
Stillman lived 1906 to ?.
He lived 1899 to 1989.
He lived 1873 to 1958 and composed blues.
He lived 1873 to 1966 and played Dixieland.
He lived 1871 to 1946 and played Dixieland.
He lived 1877 to 1931 and played Dixieland, New Orleans, and blues.
He lived 1886 to 1973 and played Dixieland and New Orleans Revival: New Orleans Tailgate Trombonists.
He lived 1890 to 1941 and played Chicago and New Orleans Revival: Red Hot Peppers.
He lived 1889 to 1961 and played in Dixieland Jazz Band.
He lived 1890 to 1967 and played Swing and Big Band.
He lived 1892 to 1940 and played Modern.
He lived 1889 to 1949 and played Dixieland and New Orleans Revival.
He lived 1907 to 1991 and played Chicago.
He lived 1895 to 1944 and played Chicago.
He lived 1901 to 1971 and played Dixieland and Chicago.
He lived 1903 to 1963 and played Chicago.
He lived 1898 to 1951 and played Boogie Woogie and Blues.
He lived 1904 to 1993 and played Boogie Woogie.
He lived 1897 to 1945 and played bottleneck or slide guitar in Big Band.
He lived 1894 to 1955 and played Big Band.
He lived 1887 to 1983 and played Ragtime.
Big Band.
He lived 1904 to 1943 and played Big Band and Swing.
He lived 1901 to 1971 and played Chicago, Swing, and New Orleans Revival.
He lived 1905 to 1964 and played Boogie Woogie and Blues.
He lived 1903 to 1983 and played Chicago and Swing.
He lived 1909 to 1959 and played Swing.
He lived 1889 to 1933 and played Dixieland and Chicago.
She lived 1894 to 1937 and played Big Band and blues.
He lived 1898 to 1965 and used plunger mute for Duke Ellington's Big Band.
He lived 1910 to 1967 and played Modern and stride.
He lived 1897 to 1959 and played New Orleans Revival.
He lived 1903 to 1931 and played Chicago and Swing.
He lived 1900 to 1931 and played Modern.
He lived 1907 to 2003 and played Modern.
He lived 1905 to 1973 and played Chicago.
He lived 1908 to 1987 and played Modern.
He lived 1898 to 1961 and played Big Band.
He lived 1901 to 1990 and played Big Band.
He lived 1905 to 1965 and played Big Band.
He lived 1906 to 1971 and played Swing.
He lived 1909 to 1956 and played Big Band and Swing.
He lived 1911 to 1989 and played Swing.
He lived 1909 to 1985 and played Swing.
He lived 1912 to 1986 and played Swing.
He lived 1909 to 1973 and played Chicago and Swing.
He lived 1909 to 1939 and played Swing.
He lived 1909 to 1986 and played Swing.
He lived 1909 to 1978 and played Modern.
He lived 1911 to 1938 and was the "father of blues".
He lived 1902 to 1947 and played Big Band.
He lived 1904 to 1984 and played Big Band.
He lived 1910 to 2004 and played Big Band.
He lived 1904 to 1944 and played Big Band.
He lived 1908 to 2002 and played Swing and Big Band.
He lived 1904 to 1969 and played Big Band and Swing.
She lived 1920 to 1993 and sang with Bob Eberly for bandleader Jimmy Dorsey, in Swing.
He lived 1902 to 1943 and played Chicago.
He lived 1897 to 1952 and played Big Band.
He lived 1906 to 1970 and played Modern.
He lived 1917 to 1987 and played Modern.
He lived 1911 to 1989 and played Swing.
He lived 1912 to 1979 and played Progressive.
He lived 1917 to 1993 and played Bebop.
He lived 1920 to 1955 and played Bebop.
He lived 1917 to 1982 and played Cool.
He lived 1927 to 1996 and played Cool.
He lived 1923 to 1999 and was in the Modern Jazz Quartet and played Modern.
He lived 1919 to 1990 and played Modern.
He lived 1914 to 1985 and played Cool.
He lived 1929 to 1980 and played Modern.
He lived 1923 to 2005, was in played Modern Jazz Quartet, and played Cool.
He lived 1937 to ?. Cool.
He lived 1915 to 1966 and played Modern.
He lived 1920 to 2001, was in the Modern Jazz Quartet, and played Cool and Modern.
He lived 1922 to 1979. Cool.
He lived 1924 to ? and played Modern.
He lived 1890 to 1966 and played Modern.
He lived 1926 to 1991 and played Cool.
He lived 1919 to ? and played Big Band.
He lived 1921 to 1977 and played Swing.
He lived 1924 to 2001 and worked with Kai Winding [1954].
He lived 1922 to 1983 and worked with J. J. Johnson [1954].
He lived 1921 to ?, formed the Chico Hamilton Quintet [1955], and played Modern.
He lived 1910 to 1981 and played Swing.
He lived 1920 to ? and played Progressive.
He lived 1930 to ? and played New Wave.
He lived 1930 to ? and played Modern.
He lived 1939 to ? and played New Wave.
He lived 1910 to 1985 and played Modern.
He lived 1927 to 1989 and played Modern.
He lived 1927 to 1991 and played Bossa Nova.
He lived 1926 to 1967 and played New Wave.
He lived 1922 to 1999 and played Modern.
He lived 1926 to 2006.
Originating in New Orleans, jazz developed from blues, spirituals, and African-American work songs. Jazz uses African rhythms and melodies, British ballads, and folk songs. Brass bands and minstrel bands contributed to jazz. Rampart Street, Franklin Street, Basin Street, Congo Square, and Perdido Street are in New Orleans' Storyville section.
It started in Storyville and on Bourbon Street and featured brass instruments. It improvised from marches, quadrilles, ragtime, and blues. Name comes from the Original Dixieland Jass Band of 1917. It migrated to Chicago and New York.
Style evolved from New Orleans style jazz, used harmony in improvisation, and included Benny Goodman, Thomas Waller, and Bix Beiderbecke. It migrated to New York in 1930's.
It was music to dance to.
Large bands played jazz in the Swing Era.
White musicians, such as clarinetist George Lewis with Burgundy Street Blues [1946], rediscovered Dixieland.
It is fast and uses harmonics. It started with Coleman Hawkins [1939] and included Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Bud Powell, and Thelonious Monk.
Named by Stan Kenton, it was on the West Coast and was experimental and dissonant.
Miles Davis was leader.
It incorporates classical music and is very complex and/or fast, such as by the Modern Jazz Quartet: John Lewis, Milt Jackson, Percy Heath, and Connie Kay.
It was free form and included John Coltrane, Charles Mingus, McCoy Tyner, Albert Ayler, Jimmy Garrison, Elvin Jones, and Pharoah Sanders.
He lived during the Sassanid Empire and created music with seven royal modes.
He lived 549 to 623 during the Sassanid Empire and created music with seven royal modes.
He lived 547 to 620 during the Sassanid Empire and created music with seven royal modes.
He lived 589 to 640.
Popular song {popular music} matches words and music, in one octave, with catchy melodic phrases, typically repeated. Melodies typically go up on open vowels A, I, and O.
traditional.
He lived 1760 to 1836.
Key lived 1779 to 1843. Smith lived 1750 to 1836.
Woodworth lived 1785 to 1842. Kiallmark lived 1804 to 1887.
Jeffreys lived 1807 to 1865. Nelson lived 1800 to 1862.
He lived 1815 to 1904.
He lived 1826 to 1864.
He lived 1806 to 1874.
She lived 1820 to 1887.
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He lived 1820 to 1895 and wrote songs about the Civil War.
He lived 1832 to 1884.
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He lived 1778 to 1862. It is traditional.
He lived 1854 to 1932 and composed marches.
He lived 1847 to 1915.
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He lived 1837 to 1907.
She lived 1838 to 1917 and was last queen of Hawaii [1891 to 1893].
He lived 1854 to 1911.
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He lived 1868 to 1894.
He lived 1856 to 1909.
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He lived 1858 to 1906.
Gaunt lived 1852 to 1896. Hoyt lived 1859 to 1900.
Bates lived 1859 to 1929. Ward lived 1847 to 1903.
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He lived 1871 to 1938.
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Petrie lived 1857 to 1925.
He lived 1869 to 1948.
Morse lived 1873 to 1924.
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Wayburn lived 1874 to 1942.
He lived 1870 to 1942.
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He lived 1868 to 1917. Ragtime.
He lived 1869 to 1944.
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He lived 1906 to 1969.
He lived 1878 to 1956.
He lived 1876 to 1950.
He lived 1874 to 1939.
He lived 1869 to 1929.
Weatherly lived 1848 to 1929.
Williams lived 1874 to 1922. Walker lived 1873 to 1911.
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He lived 1877 to 1912.
Lincke lived 1866 to 1946.
Shields lived 1868 to 1913.
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He lived 1875 to 1937.
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MacDonough lived 1870 to 1924. Herbert lived 1859 to 1924.
He lived 1871 to 1922.
He lived [1856 to 1908].
He lived 1888 to 1989. His piano had a lever to shift the keyboard and thus transpose music. He composed using mostly black keys.
She lived 1879 to 1937.
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Sterling lived 1874 to 1955. Mills lived 1869 to 1948.
Bryan lived 1883 to 1937. Edwards lived 1879 to 1945.
Sterling lived 1874 to 1955. Von Tilzer lived 1872 to 1946. Bryan lived 1883 to 1937.
Alstyne lived 1878 to 1951.
Jerome lived 1865 to 1932. Schwartz lived 1878 to 1956.
Talbot lived 1865 to 1928.
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He lived 1874 to 1949.
Norworth lived 1879 to 1959. Von Tilzer lived 1872 to 1946.
He lived 1880 to 1952.
He lived 1887 to 1960.
Murphy lived 1875 to 1919.
He lived 1892 to 1963.
He lived 1886 to 1975.
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Shields lived 1868 to 1913.
Muir lived 1883 to 1915.
Olman lived 1888 to 1984.
Johnson lived 1887 to 1941. Morse lived 1873 to 1924.
She lived 1865 to 1944 and spoke her songs.
Gilbert lived 1886 to 1970. Muir lived 1883 to 1915.
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Asaf lived 1880 to 1951. Powell lived ? to 1942.
Clarke lived 1891 to 1931. Muir lived 1883 to 1915.
DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Kern lived 1885 to 1945.
He lived 1879 to 1972.
Williams lived 1901 to 1982.
Olcott lived 1858 to 1932. Graff lived 1886 to 1973. Ball lived 1878 to 1927.
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Wimperis lived 1874 to 1953. Rubens lived 1875 to 1917.
Smith lived 1879 to 1949.
Mack lived 1883 to 1944. Johnson lived 1894 to 1955.
He lived 1887 to 1968.
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Atteridge lived 1886 to 1938. Carroll lived 1892 to 1962.
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Teschemacher lived 1875 to 1940.
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Fields lived 1905 to 1974.
Reynolds lived 1905 to 1988. Kern lived 1885 to 1945.
He lived 1881 to 1956.
Williams lived 1889 to 1965.
Elliott lived 1891 to 1964.
possibly by Edward Rowland and Glitz Rice [1915] or by Alfred J. Walden or Harry Wincott.
Yellen lived 1892 to 1991. Cobb lived 1886 to 1942.
Hubbell lived 1879 to 1954. Golden lived 1874 to 1955.
Kahn lived 1886 to 1941. Alstyne lived 1878 to 1951.
He lived 1882 to 1961.
He lived 1882 to 1964.
Weatherly lived 1848 to 1929. Wood lived 1882 to 1959.
Wodehouse lived 1881 to 1975. Kern lived 1885 to 1945.
He lived 1866 to 1949.
He lived 1885 to 1964.
MacDonald lived 1882 to 1935.
Nuñez lived 1884 to 1934.
Group had Dominic "Nick" James LaRocca, trumpet, Larry Shields, clarinet, Edwin "Eddie" Branford Edwards, trombone, Harry W. Ragas, piano, and Anthony "Tony" Sbarbaro, drums.
La Rocca lived 1885 to 1938.
Savino lived 1888 to 1973.
Hickman lived 1886 to 1930.
Callahan lived 1874 to 1946.
He lived 1896 to 1956.
Wallace lived 1887 to 1963.
Caesar lived 1895 to 1996. Gershwin lived 1898 to 1937.
Dubin lived 1891 to 1945. Herbert lived 1859 to 1924.
Fischer lived 1875 to 1942. Bernard lived 1897 to 1944. Black lived 1891 to 1936.
Kendis lived 1883 to 1946. Brockman lived 1886 to 1967.
Seitz lived 1892 to 1978.
Spencer lived ? to 1888. Williams lived 1898 to 1965.
Lewis lived 1885 to 1959. Young lived 1889 to 1939. Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.
Hart lived 1895 to 1943. Rodgers lived 1902 to 1979.
Jolson lived 1886 to 1950. Rose lived 1880 to 1944.
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He lived 1893 to 1929 and sang Texas blues.
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DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950.
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Gershwin lived 1898 to 1937.
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He lived 1875 to 1942.
Braham lived 1909 to 2002.
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Kahn lived 1886 to 1941.
Kahn lived 1886 to 1941. Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.
English translation was by Neil C. Wilson [1923] and Jerry Castillo [1935].
DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Meyer lived 1894 to 1987.
Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Dixon lived 1892 to 1956. Henderson lived 1896 to 1970.
He lived 1898 to 1937.
He lived 1885 to 1938.
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Mack lived 1883 to 1944. Brown lived 1893 to 1958. Dabney lived 1883 to 1958.
Moten lived 1894 to 1935.
George lived 1898 to 1937. Ira lived 1896 to 1983.
Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960. Harburg lived 1873 to 1963. Kern lived 1885 to 1945.
He lived 1894 to 1968.
Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Brown lived 1893 to 1958. Henderson lived 1896 to 1970.
Gershwin lived 1896 to 1983.
Henderson lived 1896 to 1970. Dixon lived 1892 to 1956.
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He lived 1899 to 1974.
Dietz lived 1896 to 1983. Schwartz lived 1900 to 1984.
Cavanaugh lived 1892 to 1967. Barris lived 1905 to 1962.
Dixon lived 1892 to 1956. Woods lived 1896 to 1970.
She lived 1898 to 1971.
Johnson lived 1908 to 1991.
Miley lived 1903 to 1932. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.
Rose lived 1899 to 1966.
Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.
Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960. Kern lived 1885 to 1945.
Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Alter lived 1902 to 1980.
He lived 1905 to 1935.
Dorsey lived 1899 to 1993. Whittaker lived 1904 to 1981.
Goodwin lived 1889 to 1943. Shay lived 1898 to 1988.
Jolson lived 1886 to 1950. Rose lived 1899 to 1966.
Kahal lived 1903 to 1942. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.
Kahn lived 1907 to 1962. Caesar lived 1895 to 1996. Meyer lived 1894 to 1987.
Cohn lived 1898 to 1961.
Terriss lived 1883 to 1953. Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.
He lived 1893 to 1969.
Turk lived 1892 to 1934. Ahlert lived 1892 to 1953.
Fields lived 1905 to 1974. McHugh lived 1893 to 1969.
He lived 1891 to 1964.
Clarke lived 1891 to 1931. Akst lived 1894 to 1963.
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Eliscu lived 1902 to 1998. Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.
James lived 1896 to 1969. Swift lived 1897 to 1993.
Hollaender lived 1896 to 1976.
Harburg lived 1898 to 1981.
Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.
James lived 1896 to 1969. Swift lived 1897 to 1993.
Conrad lived 1890 to 1938. Magidson lived 1906 to 1986.
Koehler lived 1894 to 1973. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.
Koehler lived 1894 to 1973. Barris lived 1905 to 1962.
O'Flynn lived 1897 to 1964.
Leon Rene lived 1902 to 1982. Otis Rene lived 1898 to 1970. Muse lived 1889 to 1979.
Schwartz lived 1900 to 1984. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.
Turk lived 1892 to 1934. Ahlert lived 1892 to 1953. Crosby lived 1903 to 1977.
Mills lived 1894 to 1985. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.
Bishop lived 1907 to 1976. Jones lived 1894 to 1956.
Churchill lived 1901 to 1942. Ronell lived 1906 to 1993.
Durante lived 1893 to 1980.
Eliscu lived 1902 to 1998. Kahn lived 1886 to 1941. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.
He lived 1894 to 1935.
Cavanaugh lived 1892 to 1967.
Dubin lived 1891 to 1945. Warren lived 1893 to 1981.
Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.
Brown lived 1893 to 1958.
Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.
He lived 1903 to 1989.
Razaf lived 1895 to 1973. Webb lived 1905 to 1939. Goodman lived 1909 to 1986. Sampson lived 1907 to 1973.
Gillespie lived 1898 to 1975. Coots lived 1897 to 1985.
Fields lived 1905 to 1974. Oppenheimer lived 1900 to 1981. McHugh lived 1893 to 1969.
He lived 1918 to 1992.
Koehler lived 1894 to 1973. Bloom lived 1902 to 1976.
Arlen lived 1905 to 1986. Harburg lived 1896 to 1981.
Ledbetter lived 1888 to 1949. Lomax lived 1867 to 1948.
Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.
Minnigerode lived 1887 to 1967.
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Razaf lived 1895 to 1973.
Shelly lived 1911 to 2003. Astaire lived 1899 to 1987.
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Bauduc lived 1906 to 1988. Haggart lived 1914 to 1998.
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Wrubel lived 1905 to 1973.
Mills lived 1894 to 1985. Tizol lived 1900 to 1984. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.
Churchill lived 1901 to 1942.
Gaillard lived 1916 to 1991. Stewart lived 1914 to 1987. Green lived 1897 to 1981.
Heidt lived 1901 to 1986.
He lived 1904 to 1968.
Feyne lived 1912 to 1998. Hawkins lived 1914 to 1993. Dash lived 1916 to 1974.
She lived 1894 to 1955.
Parish lived 1900 to 1993. Miller lived 1904 to 1944.
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He lived 1913 to 1987. Big Band.
Stillman lived 1906 to ?.
Jolson lived 1886 to 1950. Rose lived 1899 to 1966. DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950.
Tobias lived 1898 to 1970.
Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Harline lived 1907 to 1969.
Burke lived 1884 to 1950. Van Heusen lived 1913 to 1990.
He lived 1912 to 1967.
Lynn lived 1917 to ?.
Bushkin lived 1916 to 2004.
Fred Fisher lived 1875 to 1942. Doris Fisher lived 1915 to 2003.
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Holiday lived 1915 to 1959. Herzog lived ? to 1983.
Gordon lived 1904 to 1959. Warren lived 1893 to 1981.
Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.
He lived 1897 to 1987.
Blane lived 1914 to 1995. Martin lived 1914 to ?.
Adams lived 1914 to 1994. Baer lived 1893 to 1976. Meyer lived 1884 to 1959.
He lived 1912 to 1976.
Lawrence lived 1912 to ?. Coates lived 1886 to 1957.
Loesser lived 1910 to 1969.
Benjamin lived 1907 to 1989.
Porter lived 1891 to 1964.
Blane lived 1914 to 1995. Edens lived 1905 to 1970. Martin lived 1914 to ?.
He lived 1902 to 1984.
Rose lived 1910 to 1990.
Green lived 1897 to 1981. Brown lived 1912 to 2001.
Kramer lived 1903 to 1998. David lived 1912 to 1993.
Kenton lived 1911 to 1979.
Livingston lived 1909 to 1987. Drake lived 1916 to ?.
Silvers lived 1911 to 1985. Van Heusen lived 1913 to 1990.
Williams lived 1910 to 1985. Hanighen lived 1908 to 1976. Monk lived 1917 to 1982.
Cahn lived 1913 to 1993. Styne lived 1905 to 1994.
Gillespie lived 1917 to 1993. Parker lived 1920 to 1955.
He lived 1908 to 1975.
Ruby lived 1895 to 1974. Bloom lived 1902 to 1976.
Trenet lived 1913 to 2001. Lawrence lived 1912 to ?.
Livingston lived 1915 to 2001. Evans lived 1915 to 2007.
Tobias lived 1898 to 1970.
Harburg lived 1898 to 1981. Lane lived 1912 to 1997.
Burke lived 1884 to 1950. Van Heusen lived 1913 to 1990. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.
Kramer lived 1903 to 1998.
Piaf lived 1915 to 1963. Gugliemi lived 1916 to 1991. David lived 1912 to 1993.
He lived 1923 to ?.
Burkhard lived 1911 to 1977. Parsons lived 1929 to 2005.
He lived 1922 to 2001.
He lived 1921 to 2001.
He lived 1924 to 1993.
She lived 1902 to 1996.
Hilliard lived 1918 to 1971. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.
.
He lived 1919 to 1978, was bebop and cool jazz pianist, and started trend of playing whatever came to mind {free jazz}.
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He lived 1928 to 1999.
Gilbert lived 1926 to ?. Hays lived 1914 to 1981 and was in the Weavers. Hellerman lived 1927 to ?. Seeger lived 1919 to ?. Ledbetter lived 1888 to 1949.
He lived 1926 to ?.
Lerner lived 1918 to 1986. Lane lived 1912 to 1997.
Anderson lived 1908 to 1975.
Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Herman lived 1913 to 1987.
Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Linck lived 1866 to 1946.
Parsons lived 1929 to 2005.
Cahn lived 1913 to 1993. Van Heusen lived 1913 to 1990.
Capote lived 1924 to 1984. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.
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He lived 1908 to 1989.
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Leigh lived 1926 to ?.
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Parsons lived 1929 to 2005.
He lived 1922 to 1996.
He lived 1926 to ?.
Burgie lived 1926 to ?.
She lived 1925 to 1983.
He lived 1931 to 2002.
Seeger lived 1919 to ?. Hickerson lived 1935 to ?.
She lived 1930 to ?.
He lived 1901 to 2000.
David lived 1921 to ?. Bacharach lived 1928 to ?.
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Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.
Bonfa lived 1922 to 2001.
Jobim lived 1927 to ?.
He lived 1931 to ?.
traditional. Horton lived 1905 to 1991. Seeger lived 1919 to ?.
Leigh lived 1926 to ?. Coleman lived 1929 to 2004.
Boone lived 1934 to ?. Gold lived 1921 to 1999.
David lived 1912 to 1993. Bernstein lived 1922 to 2004.
He lived 1919 to ?.
He lived 1937 to ?.
Ball lived 1930 to ?.
He lived 1930 to 1999.
Seeger lived 1919 to ?.
Tobias lived 1898 to 1970.
Yarrow lived 1938 to ?. Lipton live 1941 to ?.
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Mauriat lived 1925 to 2006.
Marti lived 1853 to 1895.
Ho lived 1930 to 2007.
Sigman lived 1909 to 2000. Bonfa lived 1922 to 2001.
Weiss lived 1921 to ?. Thiele lived 1922 to 1996. Armstrong lived 1901 to 1971.
Revaux lived 1940 to ?. François lived 1939 to ?. Anka lived 1941 to ?.
Hart lived 1938 to 2006. Stone lived 1931 to 1997. Raposo lived 1937 to 1989.
Black lived 1938 to ?. Barry lived 1933 to ?.
Mouret lived 1682 to 1738.
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Spencer lived ? to 1888. Glover lived 1806 to 1863.
He lived 1842 to 1884.
He lived 1848 to 1923.
Molloy lived 1837 to 1909.
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She lived 1862 to 1946.
He lived 1860 to 1922.
He lived 1867 to 1930.
Lawlor lived [1852 to 1925].
Ward lived 1865 to 1917.
Nugent lived 1877 to 1958.
He lived 1858 to 1932.
Capurro lived 1825 to 1920. Capua lived 1865 to 1917.
He lived 1878 to 1943.
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Howard lived 1878 to 1961.
He lived 1861 to 1916.
He lived 1855 to 1933.
Cobb lived 1876 to 1930. Edwards lived 1879 to 1945.
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Von Tilzer lived 1872 to 1946.
.
He lived 1862 to 1901.
Gerard lived 1876 to 1948. Armstrong lived 1879 to 1951 and was a boxer.
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She lived 1880 to 1928.
Dillon lived 1877 to 1966. Von Tilzer lived 1872 to 1946.
Marchetti lived 1831 to 1902.
He lived 1876 to 1937.
Friedman lived 1869 to 1927.
Lewis lived 1885 to 1959. Young lived 1889 to 1939. Schwartz lived 1878 to 1956.
Rose lived 1875 to 1935. Olman lived 1888 to 1984.
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Madden lived 1878 to 1952. Wenrich lived 1887 to 1952.
Vernor lived 1892 to 1974.
Fisher lived 1875 to 1942. Bryan lived 1871 to 1958.
McCarthy lived 1885 to 1943. Monaco lived 1885 to 1945.
Maschwitz lived 1901 to 1969. Sherwin lived 1890 to 1960.
Grey lived 1887 to 1941. Ayer lived 1887 to 1952.
Kahn lived 1886 to 1941. Alstyne lived 1878 to 1951. Jackson lived 1876 to 1921.
Piron lived 1888 to 1943. Williams lived 1898 to 1965.
Gershwin lived 1898 to 1937.
Goetz lived 1886 to 1954.
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Egan lived 1890 to 1952. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.
McCarthy lived 1885 to 1943. Carroll lived 1892 to 1962.
He lived 1882 to 1967.
McCarthy lived 1885 to 1943. Tierney lived 1890 to 1965.
Williams lived 1898 to 1965.
Clarke lived 1891 to 1931. Turk lived 1892 to 1934. Meyer lived 1894 to 1987. Johnson lived 1894 to 1955.
He lived 1893 to 1970.
He lived 1879 to 1930.
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He lived 1888 to 1943.
Rose lived 1880 to 1944.
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DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950.
Kahn lived 1886 to 1941.
Meyer lived 1894 to 1987.
Arnheim lived 1897 to 1955. Lyman lived 1897 to 1957. Freed lived 1894 to 1973.
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Baer lived 1893 to 1976.
She lived 1886 to 1939.
DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Gershwin lived 1898 to 1937.
Harburg lived 1873 to 1963. Friml lived 1879 to 1972. Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960.
Harburg lived 1898 to 1981.
Kahn lived 1886 to 1941.
Lewis lived 1885 to 1959. Young lived 1889 to 1939. Akst lived 1894 to 1963.
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Bernie lived 1891 to 1943.
Black lived 1889 to 1950.
Caesar lived 1895 to 1996. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.
DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Meyer lived 1894 to 1987.
Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.
Lewis lived 1885 to 1959. Young lived 1889 to 1939. Henderson lived 1896 to 1970.
Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.
Woods lived 1896 to 1970.
Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.
Creamer lived ? to 1930. Johnson lived 1894 to 1955.
Akst lived 1894 to 1963.
Lewis lived 1885 to 1959. Young lived 1889 to 1939. Wayne lived 1904 to 1978.
Cook lived 1869 to 1944.
DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Gershwin lived 1898 to 1937.
He lived 1893 to 1947.
Young lived 1899 to 1956.
Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.
Edwards lived 1855 to 1910.
Dubin lived 1891 to 1945. Burke lived 1884 to 1950.
Hollaender lived 1896 to 1976.
Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Waller lived 1904 to 1943.
Parish lived 1900 to 1993. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.
Razaf lived 1895 to 1973. Brooks lived 1895 to 1970.
Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.
Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Eliscu lived 1902 to 1998. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.
Alter lived 1902 to 1980.
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Razaf lived 1895 to 1973. Waller lived 1904 to 1943.
He lived 1900 to 1982.
He lived 1899 to 1981.
Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Gordon lived 1904 to 1959. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.
Arnheim lived 1897 to 1955. Barris lived 1905 to 1962.
Casucci lived 1885 to 1975. Caesar lived 1895 to 1996.
Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.
Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.
Harburg lived 1898 to 1981. Green lived 1908 to 1989.
Heyman lived 1907 to 1981. Sour lived 1906 to 1985. Green lived 1908 to 1989.
Kahn lived 1886 to 1941. Schwandt lived 1904 to 1998.
Pinkard lived 1897 to 1962. Tracy lived 1917 to 1967. Tauber lived 1907 to 1996.
Razaf lived 1895 to 1973. Blake lived 1883 to 1983.
Turk lived 1892 to 1934. Ahlert lived 1892 to 1953. Waller lived 1904 to 1943.
Dixon lived 1892 to 1956. Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Warren lived 1893 to 1981.
Davis lived 1899 to 2000.
Altman lived 1911 to 1994. Simons lived 1896 to 1949. Marks lived 1900 to 1997.
Arnheim lived 1897 to 1955. Tobias lived 1895 to 1994.
Arodin lived 1901 to 1948. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.
Brown lived 1893 to 1958. Henderson lived 1896 to 1970.
Noble lived 1903 to 1978.
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Johnson lived 1908 to 1991. Woods lived 1896 to 1970.
Kenny lived 1895 to 1975. Coots lived 1897 to 1985.
Eliscu lived 1902 to 1998.
Lewis lived 1885 to 1959.
Evans lived 1901 to 1978.
.
Heyman lived 1907 to 1981. Green lived 1908 to 1989.
Noble lived 1903 to 1978.
He lived 1907 to 1994.
Freed lived 1894 to 1973. Barris lived 1905 to 1962.
Reisman lived 1897 to 1961. Schwartz lived 1900 to 1984.
She lived 1908 to 1993.
Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Bassman lived 1914 to 1997. It was Tommy Dorsey's theme song and was instrumental.
Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Young lived 1899 to 1956. Crosby lived 1903 to 1977.
Young lived 1889 to 1939. Little lived 1899 to 1956.
Harburg lived 1898 to 1981. Duke lived 1903 to 1969.
Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Lane lived 1912 to 1997.
He lived 1895 to 1986.
Noble lived 1903 to 1978.
Mills lived 1894 to 1985. Sampson lived 1907 to 1973.
Oakland lived 1907 to 1979.
She lived 1902 to 2000.
Reisman lived 1897 to 1961. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.
Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Harburg lived 1898 to 1981. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.
Symes lived 1904 to 1953. Livingston lived 1909 to 1987.
Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Joe Young lived 1889 to 1939. Victor Young lived 1899 to 1956.
Johnston lived 1898 to 1954. Coslow lived 1900 to 1982.
He lived 1903 to 1978.
He lived 1913 to 1937.
Adams lived 1914 to 1994.
Evans lived 1901 to 1978.
Heyman lived 1907 to 1981. Levant lived 1906 to 1972.
Hudson lived 1908 to 1981. DeLange lived 1904 to 1949. Mills lived 1894 to 1985.
Jenkins lived 1910 to 1984. Hanighen lived 1908 to 1976.
Lerner lived 1903 to 1989. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.
Leslie lived 1885 to 1976. Ahlert lived 1892 to 1953.
Parish lived 1900 to 1993. Perkins lived 1889 to 1967.
Suesse lived 1909 to 1987. Heyman lived 1907 to 1981.
Coslow lived 1900 to 1982.
Gershwin lived 1896 to 1983. Duke lived 1903 to 1969.
He lived 1910 to 1984. Duke lived 1903 to 1969.
Kennedy lived 1902 to 1984.
Adams lived 1914 to 1994. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.
Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.
He lived 1905 to 1956.
He lived 1903 to 1969.
He lived 1899 to 1940.
Cahn lived 1913 to 1993. Chaplin lived 1912 to 1997.
Marvell lived 1901 to 1969. Strachey lived 1894 to 1972.
Mitchell lived 1888 to 1942. Alter lived 1902 to 1980.
Brown lived 1893 to 1958. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.
Gordon lived 1904 to 1959. Ravel lived 1905 to 1958.
He lived 1909 to 1976.
Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Hanighen lived 1908 to 1976.
Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Jenkins lived 1910 to 1984.
Parish lived 1900 to 1993. Goodman lived 1909 to 1986. Sampson lived 1907 to 1973.
Wenrich lived 1887 to 1952.
Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.
Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.
Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. McHugh lived 1893 to 1969.
Cahn lived 1913 to 1993. Chaplin lived 1912 to 1997.
He lived 1909 to 1985.
David lived 1912 to 1993. Livingston lived 1909 to 1987. Basie lived 1904 to 1984.
Kahal lived 1903 to 1942. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.
Kennedy lived 1902 to 1984.
Lawrence lived 1912 to ?. James lived 1916 to 1983.
Loesser lived 1910 to 1969. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.
Loesser lived 1910 to 1969. Newman lived 1900 to 1970.
Loesser lived 1910 to 1969. Sherwin lived 1890 to 1960.
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Burke lived 1884 to 1950. Monaco lived 1885 to 1945.
Van Heusen lived 1913 to 1990.
He lived 1900 to 1953.
He lived 1913 to 1975.
He lived 1914 to 1968.
He lived 1903 to 1977.
He lived 1912 to ?.
Lawrence lived 1912 to ?. Altman lived 1911 to 1994.
Loesser lived 1910 to 1969. Lane lived 1912 to 1997.
Lunceford lived 1902 to 1947. Young lived 1912 to ?.
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Hampton lived 1908 to 2002. Goodman lived 1909 to 1986.
Mercer lived 1909 to 1976.
Adair lived 1913 to ?.
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Altman lived 1911 to 1994.
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She lived 1915 to ?.
Parish lived 1900 to 1993.
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He lived 1916 to 2004.
David lived 1912 to 1993.
Davis lived 1899 to 2000. Ramirez lived 1913 to 1994.
He lived 1919 to 1988.
Freed lived 1907 to 1973. Lane lived 1912 to 1997.
Green lived 1897 to 1981.
Lara lived 1900 to 1970. Gilbert lived 1912 to 1976.
Dorsey lived 1904 to 1957.
Benjamin lived 1907 to 1989.
He lived 1910 to 1988.
Tizol lived 1900 to 1984. Drake lived 1919 to ?.
Velazquez lived 1916 to 2005.
Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.
Brown lived 1912 to 2001. Tobias lived 1898 to 1970. Stept lived 1897 to 1964.
Dubin lived 1891 to 1945.
Glazer lived 1914 to 2003.
Suesse lived 1909 to 1987. Heyman lived 1907 to 1981.
Loesser lived 1910 to 1969. McHugh lived 1893 to 1969.
He lived 1905 to 1950.
Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Schertzinger lived 1890 to 1941.
Nash lived 1902 to 1971. Weill lived 1900 to 1950.
Adair lived 1913 to ?.
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Hodges lived 1907 to 1970. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.
Gershwin lived 1896 to 1983. Kern lived 1985 to 1945.
John Jr. lived 1911 to 1936. Herbert lived 1912 to 1989. Harry lived 1913 to 1982. Donald lived 1915 to 1999.
Morgan lived 1904 to 1969. Stock live 1897 to 1984. Cavanaugh lived 1892 to 1967.
Ram lived 1907 to 1991.
Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.
.
He lived 1875 to 1962.
Lawrence lived 1912 to ?.
Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Raksin lived 1912 to 2004.
Gordon lived 1904 to 1959. Myrow lived 1910 to 1987.
Jolson lived 1886 to 1950. Chaplin lived 1912 to 1997.
He lived 1918 to ?.
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Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.
Bennett lived 1918 to ?.
He lived 1917 to 1965.
Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Young lived 1899 to 1956.
Gugliemi lived 1916 to 1991. David lived 1912 to 1993.
Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Prevert lived 1900 to 1977. Kosma lived 1905 to 1969.
Vannier lived 1917 to 1980. Mercer lived 1909 to 1976.
Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Rosas lived 1868 to 1894.
Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.
Fields lived 1905 to 1974. Schwartz lived 1900 to 1984.
He lived 1915 to 1996.
Kaper lived 1902 to 1983.
Galdieri lived 1902 to 1965.
Haymes lived 1923 to 1989. Brandt lived 1923 to ?.
Heyman lived 1907 to 1981. Young lived 1899 to 1956.
Winkler lived 1906 to 1977. Sigman lived 1909 to 2000.
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Edwards lived 1879 to 1945.
Sigman lived 1909 to 2000. Maxwell lived 1921 to ?.
He lived 1899 to 1960.
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Sigman lived 1909 to 2000.
Gershwin lived 1896 to 1983. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.
He lived 1915 to 2004.
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Ram lived 1907 to 1991.
Zaret lived 1907 to 2007. North lived 1910 to 1991.
Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Young lived 1899 to 1956.
She lived 1922 to 2005.
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Lombardo lived 1903 to 1971.
Raleigh lived 1913 to 1997. Edwards lived 1919 to 1981.
Adler lived 1921 to ?.
Steiner lived 1888 to 1971.
DeLanoë lived 1918 to 2006. Becaud lived 1927 to 2001. Sigman lived 1909 to 2000.
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Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Mancini lived 1924 to 1994.
Altman lived 1911 to 1994.
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Shaper lived 1931 to 2004.
Ahlert lived 1892 to 1953. Young lived 1889 to 1939.
Jobim lived 1927 to ?. Gimnel lived 1927 to ?. DeMoraes lived 1913 to 1980.
Livingston lived 1915 to 2001. Mancini lived 1924 to 1994.
Ortolani lived 1931 to ?. Newell lived 1919 to 2004.
She lived 1918 to 2006.
Aznavour lived 1924 to ?. Kretzmer lived 1925 to ?.
Mercer lived 1909 to 1976.
Lai lived 1932 to ?. Keller lived 1937 to ?.
Kaempfert lived 1923 to 1980.
Livingston lived 1915 to 2001. Evans lived 1915 to 2007. Young lived 1899 to 1956.
He lived 1936 to 2005.
Manzanero lived 1935 to ?.
He lived 1933 to ?.
Coppola lived 1910 to 1991. Rota lived 1911 to 1979.
Albert lived 1951 to ?. Gaste lived 1908 to 2006.
He lived 1881 to 1945.
Kalmar lived 1884 to 1947. Ruby lived 1895 to 1974.
Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Rainger lived 1901 to 1942.
Kern lived 1985 to 1945. Fields lived 1905 to 1974.
He lived 1888 to 1971.
Clare lived 1892 to 1972. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.
Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.
Caesar lived 1895 to 1996.
Burke lived 1884 to 1950. Johnston lived 1898 to 1954.
He lived 1902 to 1983.
Churchill lived 1901 to 1942. Harline lived 1907 to 1969.
He lived 1902 to 1986.
He lived 1897 to 1957.
Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Warren lived 1893 to 1981.
Hollaender lived 1896 to 1976. Loesser lived 1910 to 1969.
Kennedy lived 1902 to 1984.
He lived 1907 to 1995.
Autry lived 1907 to 1998.
Raye lived 1909 to 1985.
Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Churchill lived 1901 to 1942.
He lived 1911 to 1975.
Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981. Hupfeld lived 1894 to 1951.
Styne lived 1905 to 1994. Cahn lived 1913 to 1993.
Loeb lived 1910 to ?. Lombardo lived 1903 to 1971.
Fisher lived 1915 to 2002.
He lived 1902 to 1981.
Wrubel lived 1905 to 1973.
He lived 1908 to 1995.
Lord lived 1917 to ?. Karas lived 1906 to 1985.
Daniel lived 1908 to 1997.
Robin lived 1895 to 1984.
Brodszky lived 1905 to 1985. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986. Bixio lived 1920 to 1978.
Koehler lived 1894 to 1973. Gordon lived 1904 to 1959.
He lived 1906 to 1967.
David lived 1912 to 1993. Livingston lived 1915 to 2001.
Brown lived 1896 to 1964. Freed lived 1894 to 1973.
Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Tiomkin lived 1894 to 1979.
Deutsch lived 1897 to 1980.
Schwartz lived 1900 to 1984. Dietz lived 1896 to 1983.
Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.
Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. de Paul lived 1919 to 1988.
He lived 1918 to 1990.
Burke lived 1914 to 1980. Lee lived 1920 to 2001.
He lived 1908 to 2000.
Showalter lived 1858 to 1924.
Newman lived 1901 to 1970. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.
He lived 1922 to 2004.
He lived 1929 to 2004.
Darby lived 1909 to 1992. Presley lived 1935 to 1977.
Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Tiomkin lived 1894 to 1979.
He lived 1913 to 1983.
He lived 1924 to 1994.
He lived 1901 to 1970.
He lived 1910 to 1991.
Sedaka lived 1939 to ?.
He lived 1925 to 1992.
Richard lived 1928 to ?. Robert lived 1925 to ?.
He lived 1928 to ?.
Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Hoffman lived 1902 to 1960.
He lived 1928 to ?.
He lived 1933 to ?.
Gold lived 1921 to 1999. David lived 1912 to 1993.
He lived 1924 to ?.
Baxter lived 1922 to 1996.
Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Mandel lived 1925 to ?.
Black lived 1938 to ?.
Gilkyson lived 1916 to 1999. Harris lived 1904 to 1995.
He lived 1933 to ?.
Previn lived 1929 to ?.
Bacharach lived 1928 to ?. Barry lived 1933 to ?.
He lived 1945 to ?.
Karlin lived 1936 to 2004.
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He lived 1925 to ?.
Sigman lived 1909 to 2000.
He lived 1942 to ?.
He lived 1920 to 1981.
Rota lived 1911 to 1979.
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She lived 1945 to ?.
Hamlisch lived 1944 to ?.
Paul lived 1942 to ?.
He lived 1948 to ?.
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He lived 1949 to ?.
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He lived 1942 to ?.
Conti lived 1943 to ?.
She lived 1947 to 1997.
Streisand lived 1942 to ?. Williams lived 1940 to ?.
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He lived 1932 to ?.
Hamlisch lived 1944 to ?.
Bricusse lived 1931 to ?. Williams lived 1932 to ?.
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She lived 1946 to ?.
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She lived 1910 to 1991.
She lived 1946 to ?.
He lived 1951 to 2001.
Sager lived 1946 to ?. Hamlisch lived 1944 to ?.
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He lived 1948 to ?.
Bacharach lived 1928 to ?.
Conti lived 1943 to ?.
He lived 1949 to ?.
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He lived 1932 to 1987.
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Clapton lived 1945 to ?.
He lived 1967 to ?.
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Rice lived 1944 to ?. John lived 1947 to ?.
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Schwartz lived 1949 to ?. Menken lived 1949 to ?.
Wonder lived 1950 to ?.
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Schwartz lived 1949 to ?.
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Gilbert lived 1836 to 1911. Sullivan lived 1842 to 1900.
He lived 1878 to 1942.
He lived 1870 to 1948.
Young lived 1869 to 1926. Herbert lived 1859 to 1924.
Creamer lived ? to 1930. Layton lived 1894 to 1978.
Tierney lived 1890 to 1965. McCarthy lived 1885 to 1943.
Harbach lived 1873 to 1963. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.
Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960. Harbach lived 1873 to 1963. Romberg lived 1887 to 1951.
DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Brown lived 1893 to 1958. Henderson lived 1896 to 1970.
Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960.
Weill lived 1900 to 1950. Brecht lived 1898 to 1956.
Mills lived 1894 to 1985. Bigard lived 1906 to 1980. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.
Harburg lived 1873 to 1963. Kern lived 1985 to 1945.
Hart lived 1904 to 1961.
George lived 1898 to 1937. DuBose Heyward lived 1885 to 1940. Ira lived 1896 to 1983.
Hart lived 1904 to 1961. Weill lived 1900 to 1950.
Smith lived 1860 to 1936. Herbert lived 1859 to 1924.
Fields lived 1905 to 1974. Kern lived 1985 to 1945.
Anderson lived 1888 to 1959.
He lived 1900 to 1950.
Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960. Rodgers lived 1902 to 1979.
He lived 1910 to 1969.
Bernstein lived 1918 to 1990. Comden lived 1919 to ?. Green lived 1914 to 2002.
Wright lived 1914 to 2005. Forrest lived 1915 to 1999.
Lerner lived 1918 to 1986. Loewe lived 1904 to 1988.
He lived 1902 to 1979.
Hague lived 1920 to 2001.
Ross lived 1926 to 1955. Adler lived 1921 to ?.
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Wilbur lived 1921 to ?. LaTouche lived 1914 to 1956. Bernstein lived 1918 to 1990.
Sondheim lived 1930 to ?.
He lived 1902 to 1984.
Schmidt lived 1920 to 2001.
Barer lived 1923 to 1998.
Harnick lived 1924 to ?. Bock lived 1928 to ?
Styne lived 1904 to 1994.
Comden lived 1919 to ?. Green lived 1914 to 2002. Styne lived 1905 to 1994.
He lived 1930 to 1999.
Adams lived 1924 to ?. Strouse lived 1928 to ?. Robbins lived 1918 to 1998.
Bricusse lived 1931 to ?. Newley lived 1931 to 1999.
Sondheim lived 1830 to ?.
Bricusse lived 1931 to ?. Ornadel lived 1924 to ?.
Merrill lived 1921 to 1998. Styne lived 1905 to 1994.
He lived 1933 to ?.
Darion lived 1911 to 2001. Leigh lived 1928 to ?.
Rodgers lived 1902 to 1979.
Fields lived 1905 to 1974. Coleman lived 1929 to 2004. Fosse lived 1927 to 1987.
Ebb lived 1932 to 2004. Kander lived 1927 to ?.
MacDermot lived 1928 to ?.
Brel lived 1929 to 1978.
Hamlisch lived 1944 to ?.
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Strouse lived 1928 to ?.
Rice lived 1938 to ?. Webber lived 1948 to ?.
Black lived 1938 to ?. Webber lived 1948 to ?.
Webber lived 1948 to ?.
Hart lived 1962 to ?. Webber lived 1948 to ?.
Black lived 1938 to ?. Webber lived 1948 to ?.
Bricusse lived 1931 to ?.
Black lived 1938 to ?. Webber lived 1948 to ?.
He lived 1915 to 1998.
He lived 1928 to ?.
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He lived 1915 to 1983.
She lived 1928 to 2006.
He lived 1919 to 1965.
She lived 1927 to ?.
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He lived 1925 to ?.
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He lived 1933 to ?.
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He lived 1922 to ?.
She lived 1926 to 1984.
He lived 1926 to 1959.
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He lived 1919 to 1991.
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She lived 1922 to ?.
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He lived 1932 to 2003.
She lived 1924 to ?.
He lived 1912 to 2001.
He lived 1928 to ?.
He lived 1916 to 1989.
She lived 1929 to 1997.
He lived 1934 to ?.
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He lived 1924 to ?.
He lived 1916 to 1996.
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He lived 1932 to ?.
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He lived 1917 to 1995.
James Brown and the Famous Flames. He lived 1933 to 2007.
He lived 1935 to 1977.
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He lived 1931 to ?.
He lived 1935 to ?.
He lived 1935 to ?.
She lived 1932 to ?.
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He lived 1933 to ?.
He lived 1927 to ?.
He lived 1934 to 1984.
He lived 1940 to 1985.
He lived 1941 to ?.
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He lived 1928 to 1990.
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He lived 1928 to 1994.
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He lived 1941 to 1959.
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He lived 1938 to ?.
She lived 1938 to ?.
He lived 1937 to ?.
He lived 1932 to 1972.
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She lived 1920 to ?.
He lived 1939 to ?.
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He lived 1939 to ?.
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She lived 1924 to 1963.
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He lived 1925 to 1982.
He lived 1938 to ?.
He lived 1935 to ?.
He lived 1942 to ?.
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He lived 1933 to 1986.
Percy Faith and His Orchestra. He lived 1908 to 1976.
He was in the Drifters.
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He lived 1939 to ?.
He lived 1923 to 1964.
She lived 1938 to ?.
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Washington lived 1924 to 1963.
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He lived 1939 to ?.
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She lived 1944 to ?.
He lived 1936 to 1988.
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He lived 1943 to ?.
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He lived 1937 to ?.
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He lived 1937 to ?.
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She lived 1938 to ?.
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He lived 1938 to ?. Drifters.
He lived 1935 to ?.
He lived 1934 to 1990.
She lived 1941 to 2004.
He lived 1930 to 1985.
She lived 1942 to ?.
He lived 1939 to 1996.
He lived 1931 to 1988.
Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen.
He lived 1926 to ?.
He lived 1929 to ?.
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She lived 1944 to ?.
He lived 1937 to ?.
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He lived 1931 to 2004.
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He lived 1940 to 2006.
He lived 1943 to ?.
He lived 1942 to ?.
He lived 1943 to ?.
He lived 1941 to 1967.
He lived 1935 to ?.
He lived 1942 to ?.
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She lived 1941 to ?.
He lived 1941 to ?.
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She lived 1946 to ?.
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He lived 1941 to 1985.
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He lived 1924 to 1973.
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Vince Guaraldi Trio.
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He lived 1939 to ?.
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He lived 1942 to ?.
She lived 1942 to ?.
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She lived 1937 to ?.
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She lived 1946 to ?.
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He lived 1930 to ?.
He lived 1928 to ?.
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She lived 1932 to ?.
He lived 1933 to 2007.
She lived 1946 to ?.
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He lived 1932 to 1995.
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She lived 1940 to ?.
He lived 1941 to ?.
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She lived 1939 to ?.
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She lived 1948 to ?.
He lived 1942 to 1970.
He lived 1941 to 1994.
He lived 1941 to ?.
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She lived 1942 to ?.
He lived 1936 to ?.
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She lived 1941 to 1974.
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Cliff Nobles and Company.
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He lived 1943 to 2006 and popularized dance music of Jamaica {ska}, which preceded the slower reggae.
She lived 1943 to 1970.
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He lived 1942 to ?.
He lived 1945 to ?.
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He lived 1947 to ?.
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He lived 1948 to ?.
She lived 1944 to ?.
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She lived 1942 to ?.
He lived 1945 to ?.
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He lived 1948 to ?.
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She lived 1943 to ?.
He lived 1942 to ?.
He lived 1945 to ?.
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He lived 1925 to 1990.
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She lived 1939 to ?.
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He lived 1943 to 1973.
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He lived 1950 to ?.
He lived 1949 to ?.
He lived 1945 to ?.
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He lived 1941 to ?.
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She lived 1946 to ?.
He lived 1943 to ?.
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He lived 1950 to ?.
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Clapton lived 1945 to ?.
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He lived 1958 to 2009 and invented a dance step in which one appears to walk forward but goes backward {moonwalk} [1983].
She lived 1953 to ?.
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He lived 1948 to 2004.
Ross lived 1944 to ?. Richie lived 1949 to ?.
He lived 1949 to ?.
He lived 1951 to ?.
He lived 1938 to ?.
He lived 1958 to ?.
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She lived 1953 to ?.
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She lived 1959 to ?.
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He lived 1941 to ?.
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She lived 1958 to ?.
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She lived 1963 to ?.
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He lived 1963 to ?.
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She lived 1945 to ?.
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He lived 1956 to ?.
She lived 1939 to ?.
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He lived 1947 to ?.
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He lived 1921 to ?.
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Betti lived 1917 to ?.
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Leiber lived 1933 to ?. Stoller lived 1933 to ?.
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He lived 1930 to 2004.
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He lived 1932 to 1998.
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He lived 1926 to ?.
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He lived 1907 to 1991.
He lived 1898 to 1980.
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He lived 1933 to ?.
He lived 1931 to 1964.
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He lived 1930 to 1959.
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Darin lived 1936 to 1973.
Eddy lived 1938 to ?. Hazlewood lived 1929 to ?.
He lived 1940 to ?.
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He lived 1933 to ?.
He lived 1921 to 2003.
He lived 1936 to 1973.
He lived 1929 to 2005 and invented electric guitar chord {power chord} that featured distortion.
He lived 1940 to ?.
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Leiber lived 1933 to ?. Stoller lived 1933 to ?.
Santo Farina and Johnny Farina.
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He lived 1925 to ?.
Randazzo lived 1935 to 2003.
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He lived 1939 to ?.
Pomus lived 1925 to 1991. Shuman lived 1936 to 1991.
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He lived 1933 to 1997.
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Greenfield lived 1952 to ?. Sedaka lived 1939 to ?.
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Robinson lived 1940 to ?. Gordy lived 1929 to ?
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He lived 1934 to 1964.
Cannon lived 1939 to ?.
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He lived 1941 to ?.
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David lived 1912 to 1993. Bacharach lived 1928 to ?.
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King lived 1938 to ?. Leiber lived 1933 to ?. Stoller lived 1933 to ?.
Curtis Lee and the Halos.
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Shannon lived 1934 to 1990.
Bricusse lived 1931 to ?. Newley lived 1931 to 1999.
Checker lived 1941 to ?.
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Ervin M. Drake translated into English.
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Lennon lived 1940 to 1979.
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She lived 1942 to ?.
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He lived 1950 to ?.
Berry lived 1926 to ?.
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He lived 1945 to 1981. He popularized Jamaican slower dance music {reggae}, which came after ska and rocksteady. In reggae, guitarist plays regular chops on backbeat {skank}, and drummer plays rhumba box on measure third beat {one drop}. Ska fast calypso can derive from mento, calypso, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Calypso {rocksteady} can be slower [1966 to 1968].
Jamaican folk music {mento} uses acoustic guitar, banjo, hand drums, and large-box mbira {rhumba box}.
Trinidad and Tobago calypso has African and Spanish influences. East Africa and West Indies use wood boards {thumb piano} {mbira huru} {mbira njari} {mbira nyunga nyunga} {marimba} {karimba} {kalimba}, with staggered metal keys and resonators.
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Bricusse lived 1931 to ?. Newley lived 1931 to 1999. Barry lived 1933 to ?.
Goffin lived 1939 to ?. King lived 1942 to ?.
Hazlewood lived 1929 to ?.
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Randazzo lived 1935 to 2003.
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Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Jarre lived 1924 to ?.
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He lived 1942 to ?.
He lived 1946 to ?.
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He lived 1942 to ?.
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He lived 1932 to ?.
Rocksteady is slower [1966 to 1968].
He lived 1928 to ?.
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Hazlewood lived 1929 to ?.
He lived 1939 to ?.
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He lived 1943 to 2001.
He lived 1940 to ?.
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Lee lived 1920 to ?.
Scott lived 1937 to ?. Russell lived 1941 to ?. The Hollies also sang The Air That I Breath [1974].
He lived 1943 to 1997.
He lived 1940 to 1979.
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Clapton lived 1945 to ?.
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He lived 1947 to ?.
Joplin lived 1943 to 1970.
He lived 1945 to ?.
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Don Henley lived 1947 to ?.
He lived 1947 to ?.
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Billy Gibbons, Dusty Hill, and Frank Beard.
He lived 1949 to ?.
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He lived 1946 to ?.
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Coral Reefer Band.
She lived 1948 to ?.
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He lived 1942 to ?.
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He lived 1958 to 1988.
Zevon lived 1947 to 2003.
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He lived 1951 to ?.
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Lennox lived 1954 to ?.
He lived 1951 to ?.
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Orbison lived 1936 to 1988. Lynne lived 1947 to ?. Petty lived 1952 to ?
Petty lived 1952 to ?. Lynne lived 1947 to ?.
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She lived 1970 to ?.
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She lived 1961 to ?.
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Otis lived 1921 to ?.
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Paul lived 1915 to ?. Ford lived 1924 to ?.
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McPhatter lived 1932 to 1972.
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Presley lived 1935 to 1977.
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Bill Haley and the Comets. Haley lived 1925 to ?.
Boyd Bennett and the Rockets.
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He lived 1911 to ?.
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Frankie Lyman and the Teenagers. Lymon lived 1942 to 1968.
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Christine lived 1926 to ?. Dorothy lived 1930 to ?. Phyllis lived 1931 to ?.
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He lived 1921 to ?.
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Danny and the Juniors.
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Jerry Gilkyson and the Easy Riders.
Buddy Holly and the Crickets. Holly lived 1936 to 1959.
Christine lived 1926 to ?. Dorothy lived 1930 to ?. Phyllis lived 1931 to ?.
Hal Miller and the Rays.
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Phil lived 1939 to ?. Don lived 1937 to ?.
Butler lived 1940 to ?.
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Herb and Hal Kalin.
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Dion and the Belmonts. Dion lived 1939 to 1996.
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Bagdasarian lived 1919 to 1972.
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Johnny Maestro and the Crests.
Ronald lived 1941 to ?. Rudolph lived 1939 to ?.
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Ballard lived 1927 to ?. Hank Ballard and the Midnighters.
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Dante and the Evergreens.
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He lived 1903 to 1992.
Robinson lived 1940 to ?.
Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs. Williams lived 1939 to ?.
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Lonnie Donegan and His Skiffle Group.
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Ferrante and Teicher.
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Cathy Jean and the Roommates.
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Virgil Johnson and the Velvets.
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Arthur Lyman Group.
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Highwaymen were David Fisher, Steve Trott, Chan Daniels, Steve Butts, and Bob Burnett. Daniels lived ? to 1975.
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Gladys Knight and the Pips. Knight lived 1944 to ?.
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Joey Dee and the Starliters.
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Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass. Alpert lived 1935 to ?.
Booker T and the MG's.
Jay Black.
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Jimmy Gilper and the Fireballs.
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Butler lived 1940 to ?.
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Jerry Kramer and the Dakotas.
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J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers.
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Chad Stuart and Jeremy Clyde.
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Sal Valentino and the Beau Brummels.
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Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames.
Diana Ross and the Supremes.
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Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders.
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Freddy and the Dreamers.
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Horst Jankowski and His Orchestra. Jankowski lived 1936 to 1998.
Gary Lewis and the Playboys.
Ramsey Lewis Trio.
Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs.
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Morrison lived 1942 to ?.
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Junior Walker and the All-Stars.
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Tommy James and the Shondells.
Paul Revere and the Raiders.
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Spencer Davis Group.
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? and the Mysterians.
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Don Williams and the Poco Seco Singers.
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Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels.
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Ike and Tina Turner. Tina lived 1939 to ?.
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Simon lived 1941 to ?. Garfunkel lived 1941 to ?.
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Frank lived 1915 to 1998.
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Barry Gibb lived 1946 to ?.
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He lived 1925 to ?.
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He lived 1925 to ?.
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Archie Bell and the Drells.
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Edwin Hawkins Singers.
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Bill Deal.
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David Gates.
Karen Carpenter.
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Emerson, Lake and Palmer.
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Tony Orlando and Dawn.
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Lindsey Buckingham was singer and guitarist, Mick Fleetwood was on drums, Christine McVie was singer and keyboardist, John McVie was bassist, and Stevie Nicks was singer.
K.C. and the Sunshine Band.
Daryl Dragon and Toni Tennille.
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Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers.
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Otis Day and the Knights.
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Joan Jett and the Blackhearts.
George Thorogood and the Destroyers.
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Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine.
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Huey Lewis and the Playboys.
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Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225