Upper Paleolithic Period [-30000 to -20000] carved many small nude female figures.
Les Eyzies is in Dordogne region.
Plastered skulls with individual faces, pottery, and woven cloth were made.
Inanna was main Sumer goddess and the sky god An's daughter. Uruk is Warka. Culture also cast bronze king heads.
Egyptian Old Kingdom had abstract-picture hieroglyphs. Sculptural views were face on, profile, or from above. Menes is Greek name for Narmer.
In Cyclades stone tombs, marble standing-female statues were naked or draped {nude}, had folded arms, had flattened bodies, had faces with noses only, and were probably motherhood and fertility goddesses.
Sphinx is next to King Chefron's pyramid. Sculptors carved it at site.
Sculptors in Fourth dynasty carved it. Saqqara is west of Memphis and south of Cairo.
Indus Valley people carved sculptures with soft, full human forms, in the first communities in Pakistan and northwest India.
In Egyptian Old Kingdom tombs, royal-household limestone busts {reserve head} were near burial chamber, and limestone walls had sculptures {relief}.
Akkadian rulers commissioned busts.
Akkadians cut upright stone slabs used as stele markers.
Gudea was prince of Lagash and ruler of New Sumerian Empire. Girsu is Tello in south Mesopotamia.
Khakhaure Senusret III or Senwosret III or Sesostris III was pharaoh in middle of 12th Dynasty. Mentu was originally the main Theban god. Thebes is Luxor in north Egypt.
Babylonians used deep-cut reliefs {high relief} and shallow reliefs {bas relief}. Statues had rounded eyes.
Amenhotep III of Egyptian New Kingdom erected them. Earthquake damaged them during reign of Septimus Severus, and they sang no more. Temple and statues do not exist now.
Mycenaeans molded small female terracotta statues.
Vaphio is in Mycenae near Sparta.
Amenhotep IV is Akhenaten.
Tomb was in Valley of the Kings near Thebes (Luxor).
Near Aswan, at Temple of Amon Re, four statues of Egyptian New Kingdom pharaoh Ramses II, sitting and looking east over Nile, are 23 meters high, in a cliff.
Kamakura Period [1185 to 1573] was in Yorimoto shogunate.
Olmecs cut realistic sculptures.
Assyrian art had nomadic style and featured animal sculptures.
Etruscan urns had human shapes.
Early Greek Archaic sculptures can stand alone {freestanding statue}, had free arms and legs, had staring eyes, and were similar to Egyptian styles. Two forms were clothed maiden {kore} and nude young man {kouros}.
Dragons are luck and prosperity symbols.
Artemisium is north of Euboea or Negropont or Negroponte Island in Aegean Sea near east central Greece.
It was on Acropolis.
Smilis was Daedalus' student. Perhaps, Isches of Ionia commissioned it. Samos is Pythagoreion in Asia Minor.
It has Mesopotamian style.
Greek-Archaic statues had quiet tight Archaic smiles.
Chios is island in north Aegean Sea.
It has mane.
Aphaea was local goddess but later was same as Athena or Artemis.
Greek Archaics formed kylix drinking cups.
Statues are freestanding, with natural forms and expressive faces, in East Pediment of Temple of Aphaia at Aegina.
He taught Myron. Greek Classical statues typically put weight on one leg in counterpoise.
Greek Classical statues used serious facial expressions {Severe Style}, rather than Archaic smiles.
Delphi is on Mount Parnassus in Phocis (Fokis) in central Greece.
Lapiths were in Thessaly. Theseus aided the Lapiths.
Perhaps, he was Ageladas of Argos' student.
His technique {canon of Polykleitos} {Polykleitos canon} balances shoulder-and-hip tension and relaxation in chiastic balance. He worked in bronze.
It is first female nude sculpture of Classical period.
He worked with Callicrates and Ictinus on Parthenon.
Thrace is in northeast Greece, south Bulgaria, and northwest Turkey.
Catana was first Greek colony in Sicily [-734].
He worked with Scopas, Leochares, and Timotheus on Mausoleum.
He lived -400 to -350 and came from Paros in Cyclades islands.
Alopeka is on Asia-Minor coast.
He lived -400 to -340.
He led Argos and Sicyon school. Sicyon is between Corinth and Achaea.
Lysicrates was chorus leader {choragos} and play sponsor.
King Asoka had giant sculptures made, which had Persian influences.
It copies bronze Greek statue commissioned [-220] by Attalos I of Pergamon, Asia Minor, in west Turkey. Galatia is Gaul.
Samothrace island is in north Aegean Sea.
Tenine commissioned it.
Some portraits copied death masks.
Pompeii is near Naples in Campania.
Rhodes is island near Crete.
Augustus commissioned it after he returned from Gallic and Spanish wars [-13].
Tiberius commissioned it [15]. It was in Livia's villa at Prima Porta, just north of Rome.
Vespasian constructed Forum [75] and began Colosseum. His sin Titus finished the Colosseum [80].
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It is Pentelic marble arch southeast of Forum.
Buddha forbade statues of himself.
It has Atlas holding globe with Greek constellations.
He lived 50 to 130.
It has two balustrades of reliefs.
Gandhara School of sculpture carved first Buddha statues. Gandhara is in northwest Pakistan.
It was first in Lateran Palace and then in Piazza del Campidoglio until recently moved inside and replaced by replica.
Bamiyan is northwest of Kabul. Kushan Dynasty of 3rd century sculpted them.
New Persian reliefs are in rocks near Persepolis.
New Persians wove silk and wool rugs with ornamental and animal designs.
Andes-Mountain Mochica and Quimbaya peoples shaped and baked clay {firing, pottery} to make pottery and created jewelry and gold sculptures.
Whole statue was 12 meters tall.
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Constantine Style marble sarcophagi were made.
Germanic metal arts used orderly arrangements of ornamental designs and animal figures.
Bhaja Caves are in Maharashtra in south India.
Islamic pottery used special shine {lustre}.
Indian peoples started new foam and mist sculpting style.
First in Tingchow during the Five Dynasties [907 to 960] and later during the Sung Dynasty [960 to 1297], workers hardened translucent white non-porous clay to a smooth finish {porcelain, Ting}. Pai Ting (White Ting) is best. Tu Ting (Earth Ting) has cream-white glaze. Fen Ting (Flour Ting) is lowest. Nan Ting (Southern Ting) has same gradations. Kuan is royal porcelain. Yuan, Ming, Ching, and Sung porcelain are of equal value. Kiln gloss decreases over time.
Theophano was wife of Otto II and mother of Otto III and regent [973 to 991] and commissioned it.
Tamil is most southern state of India.
Archbishop Gero lived ? to 976 and commissioned it.
Gardeners began growing miniature plants {bonsai}.
Jaina and Buddhist art mixed in north India.
Bernward was bishop [993 to 1022]. Hildesheim is in Lower Saxony, Germany in northwest Germany.
Nataraja was in south India. Chola period [860 to 1279] built many temples.
Parvati is in south India. Body has head tilted to left, trunk tilted to right, and hips tilted to left in triple flexion. Male pelvic shape prevents this pose.
He molded Romanesque metal work.
Vézelay is in Burgundy or Bourgogne in central France.
He lived ? to 1150.
The pope crowned Roger II of Sicily [1095 to 1154].
Figures have symmetrical arrangement on door jambs.
Gard is in Provence in south France.
Herat is in northwest Afghanistan.
Brunswick is Braunschweig.
He lived 1150 to 1230 and was of Parma School.
Islamic luster technique allowed many colors {minai}, because it applied metallic oxides after first glazing and then refired pottery at lower temperature. Such enamel tiles started in Seljuk regions of Iran, such as at Alaeddin Palace in Konya during reign of Kilic Arsalan II [1156 to 1192].
Seljuk barbotine technique used rosettes, animals, and foliates.
Sgraffiato technique [800 to 900] in Islamic and Christian art incises foliate, geometric, animal, and human designs onto clay, covers ceramic with yellow-brown, green, or polychrome transparent glaze, and refires.
Champleve technique engraves deep, wide grooves filled with dark brown or black colors with transparent colorless, green, brown, or polychrome glaze.
Early Africans shaped terracotta portrait heads. Artists worked wax into face, covered wax with earth, heated to bake earth and melt wax in the ciré-perdue process (lost-wax process), and then poured bronze into mold.
Africans carved symmetrical human and animal masks.
Native Americans carved realistic or geometric wood and shell masks.
North-American Indians carved asymmetrical and unreal wood and bark masks, sometimes about myths.
South-Pacific islanders carved asymmetrical and unreal wood and bark masks, sometimes about myths.
Gothic statues have slender S-shaped bodies, small round faces, drapery folds, and strong smiles {Parisian style}.
Rheims is in north France.
Naumburg is in northeast Germany.
He lived 1220 to 1284.
He lived 1250 to 1314.
Strasbourg is in Alsace in east France.
It came from St. Aignan in Loire region.
He lived 1290 to 1349.
He lived 1350 to 1406.
Early Renaissance relief was very shallow {schiacciato, relief}, using light and shadow.
He lived 1386 to 1466.
He lived 1404 to 1472.
Avignon is in Provence and Camargue in southeast France.
He lived 1435 to 1488.
They were in Flanders in south Belgium.
He lived 1475 to 1564 and used mental force in calm body {action-in-repose, Michelangelo}.
Benin-kingdom bronze portrait heads can have simple bodies.
Two are in Los Angeles County Museum of Art and Victoria and Albert Museum.
He lived 1435 to 1509, was from Germany, carved wood, and painted.
He lived 1500 to 1571.
He lived 1535 to 1590.
Early Pacific Islanders carved many long, giant, staring, chiseled faces {moai} from soft volcanic tufa stone. They connect to large carved and buried bodies, up to 10 meters deep, and peer out to sea. They used to have flat red rocks on head tops. Inhabitants also buried ash and bones with the statues. In Polynesian, it is Rapa Nui.
Baroque artists etched metal plates and printed on paper {etching}.
He lived 1598 to 1680.
He lived 1622 to 1694.
He lived 1741 to 1828.
He lived 1741 to 1791.
He lived 1784 to 1855.
He lived 1790 to 1852.
He lived 1812 to 1852.
He lived 1840 to 1917.
He lived 1861 to 1944.
He lived 1870 to 1938.
He lived 1880 to 1959 and was Expressionist.
He lived 1882 to 1916, was Futurist, and used Cubist ideas.
He lived 1881 to 1919.
Artists built moving collages in three dimensions {kinetic sculpture}.
He lived 1876 to 1957, was Primevalist, and used primitive influences. He sculpted in metal, marble, and wood.
He lived 1902 to 1981 and started International Style.
He lived 1867 to 1941.
He lived 1898 to 1986 and was Primevalist.
He lived 1886 to 1966 and founded a non-sensical irrational style {Dadaism}.
He lived 1898 to 1976 and balanced movable pieces connected by wires {mobile sculpture} and stationary structures {stabile sculpture}.
He lived 1869 to 1943.
He lived 1907 to 1978 and molded plywood chairs.
He lived 1891 to 1973 and built transparent sculptures.
He lived 1936 to ? and was Thomas Wilfred's student. Laszlo Moholy-Nagy built Light-Space Modulator [1922 to 1930], with light bulbs, reflectors, and filters. Wilfred built Lumia, such as his Clavilux [1922 to 1925], with lenses, color filters, mirrors, prisms, and projectors.
He lived 1928 to ? and built gigantic works.
It was heavy and angular.
It used primitive and Tuscan themes.
It was classical.
It is classical.
Style derived from Gothic cathedrals and used carved and heavy pieces, sometimes with iron bands, such as chests and X-framed chairs.
It was classical style.
It was baroque.
It is heavy and ornate.
It is classical.
It had carving or paneling. Chairs had high backs.
Heavy, carved, and austere style began.
King James I style [1603 to 1625] used upholstery and Italianate carving, especially arabesques on cupboards.
It was intricate and fluid.
It was angular and heavy, using Italian style plus Spain and Flanders.
It was classical.
Subdued Baroque style of Louis XIV [1643 to 1715] was formal and used carved or painted animals, mythological animals, fruit and flower garlands, and fleur-de-lis.
King William III and Queen Mary II [1670 to 1690] style used Dutch influences, such as floral marquetry and oyster shell veneer.
He lived 1751 to 1806. It was a light linear neoclassical style based on Adam and Hepplewhite. It used contrasting veneers, inlay, and painted decorations. Chair backs had urns, swags, or lyres.
It is simple and austere.
Hardwoods with scrollwork and curves derived from Régence and Baroque.
It used lacquer or bamboo.
Style differed from previous French style. Walnut veneer, gentle curves, cabriole legs, and serpentine arms were in secretaries and china cupboards.
Style derived from Queen Anne, but added decorations and ornaments, such as leaves, masks, and eagle and lion heads and claws.
During regency from death of Louis XIV [1715] to ascension of Louis XV [1723], furniture moved from Baroque to rococo.
Rococo style of Louis XV [1732 to 1774] was small and rounded, with ornaments. Veneers often had Oriental lacquer or porcelain plaques.
Style used Gothic arches and tracery.
Style used Greek, Roman, and Egyptian designs of archaeological finds.
It derived from Windsor style.
Robert lived 1728 to 1792. James lived 1732 to 1794. It replaced Rococo and Palladian.
He lived 1718 to 1779. It derived from late Baroque, Rococo, Louis XV, and Georgian. Chippendale Gothic and Chinese Chippendale derived from it.
Neoclassical style of Louis XVI [1774 to 1792] was geometric with architectural decoration.
He lived 1730 to 1792 and manufactured china.
Style derived from Adam, Hepplewhite, and Sheraton.
He lived ? to 1786 and drew furniture designs [1786]. Style derived from Adam and neoclassical but was lighter and more curved. Chairs can have Prince-of-Wales feathers on back.
Style removed royal traits from Louis XVI.
He lived 1768 to 1854 and defined Federal style. He used rectilinear style, with veneer, inlay, and brass feet.
Prince of Wales [1811 to 1820] style derived from French Directoire and Empire styles and used Greek and Roman furniture designs, such as Klismos chair.
Strong and simple style derived from French Empire. Biedermeier was a cartoon figure representing German country gentlemen.
It is light and functional.
Cheaper and simpler styles came from main styles.
Practical design used plain wood in smooth lines, such as in ladder-back chair.
It is heavy and ornate.
Neoclassical, Egyptian, and Roman imperial style used decorated woods and metals, featuring bees, crowns, laurels, mythological figures, and letter N.
He lived 1795 to 1852. First mass produced furniture in USA.
It was heavy, carved, and austere.
Style mixed Gothic and Neoclassical.
He lived 1796 to 1871.
Queen Victoria [1837 to 1901] style derived from rococo and Louis XV, using curves, horsehair upholstery, and carving.
It used floral designs and curves.
William Morris lived 1834 to 1896 and led Arts and Crafts movement.
Morris lived 1834 to 1896. Ruskin lived 1819 to 1900. Stickley lived 1858 to 1942. They started a craft style {Arts and Crafts movement}.
He lived 1858 to 1942. Oak furniture design derived from English Arts and Crafts. Gustav Stickley and Roycroft Community were in upstate New York State. Craftsman Magazine [1901] featured its designs.
German Bauhaus designers, such as Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, used simple lines with no decoration and used chrome and glass. It allowed factory production.
It used molded wood and plywood.
It used plastic and metal in architecture, interior design, and industrial design.
Style derived from Art Deco and International. It was asymmetric or contrasted curves and straight lines, used polished surfaces and plastic, and used skyscraper designs.
He lived 1860 to 1945 and was jewelry maker instrumental in Art Nouveau and Art Deco. He worked in glass, enamel, and stones.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225