Art history is about architecture, art styles, painting, and sculpture.
Sumerian temples had shrines, workshops, and storehouses around them.
Egyptian Old-Kingdom tombs were rectangular earth mounds, with brick or stone sides, for kings and courts. Chapel in mound had shaft to burial chamber. Tombs had mummies, sculptures, household items, and paintings.
Sumerians built high rising platforms {ziggurat}|, with temples opposite stair tops. Sumerian temples had a narrow cella hall with small side chambers and had shrines, workshops, and storehouses around them. Sumerian buildings used rectangular sun-dried clay-and-straw mud bricks, as well as wood.
Wiltshire is in Wessex, near Stonehenge.
Giant Sumerian statues had conical or cylindrical bodies and large inlaid eyes.
He lived -2635 to -2595, multiplied using times-two table, and built pyramid. Egyptian Old Kingdom 3rd Dynasty pyramids had temples, palaces, and tombs {funerary district}. Palaces had fluted columns.
Sumerian tombs contained harps and statues.
Egyptian Old Kingdom 4th Dynasty kings built pyramid burial chambers. First and largest pyramid was for Cheops. Second, next largest pyramid was for Chefron. Last, smallest pyramid was for Mycerinus. Pyramid sides had smooth dressed stone. Burial chamber is in pyramid middle. East of each pyramid is Old-Kingdom temple with causeway leading to another temple near Nile. One temple has giant diorite seated Chefron. Another temple has giant slate statue of Mycerinus standing with his queen. Third temple has giant limestone statue of seated Prince Rahotep and his wife Nofret. Bodies are rectangular in style, but faces are individualistic.
Tall massive stones, with cromlechs, were in three concentric rings. Third ring was four meters high. Ditches were 100 meters diameter. Inner ring had no lintels. In center were five eight-meter-tall posts and lintels. Upright stones surrounded central altar stone. Stone alignments pointed to sunrise or sunset on some days each year. Main axis pointed to sunrise on June 24. Nearest quarries were 200 kilometers away.
Shulgi of Urim, second king of Sumer, built it [-2047 to -1999]. Shulgi was son of Ur-Nammu, Third Dynasty of Ur founder.
Minoan palaces had stairs and airshafts and had low ceilings. Porticos were at entrances. Interiors had decorations and paintings. Palaces had no fortifications.
Late New Stone Age peoples built large dolmen tombs with stone walls and stone tops.
Egyptian Middle Kingdom kings built tombs.
Large Minoan palace was the labyrinth of Greek myth.
Mycenaean beehive tombs were in deep shafts with conical stone chambers and contained mummies, golden facemasks, and household items.
Deir el-Bahri is near Thebes.
Hittites built rough-cut stone fortresses, with gates flanked by lion statues.
Mycenaeans built hilltop fortresses with stone block walls, similar to Hittite fortresses.
Mycenaean palaces had a center with a megaron audience hall.
Amon-Re is largest of four parts of Karnak Temple Complex to north. Karnak is near Luxor. Theban kings conquered Hyskos 15th dynasty and ruled Egypt in New Kingdom, especially 18th dynasty. In older mythology {Theban mythology}, Thoth created Amen or Amon or Amun, god of creation in Theban mythology. Amun was main Theban god. Ra or Re is spirit. His original wife was Amenet. In New-Kingdom mythology, his wife was Mut, goddess of motherhood in Theban mythology. Khons was god of moon in Theban mythology and was Amen's and Mut's son.
Ptah was creation god {Memphis mythology}. Re-Harakhte was sun god {Heliopolis mythology}. After New-Kingdom Aten-cult, Amen, Ptah, and Re-Harakhte merged to make Amen.
Egyptian New Kingdom temple had gateway between two walls at pylon entrance, then court with low walls, then hall of pillars, and then second court. Halls and chapels were around square room with four columns. High walls were around main temple and halls. Columns were massive and had top lintels.
Ramses II Temple is for Amen, Ptah, and Re-Harakhte.
Atreus Treasury is largest tholos beehive tomb. Mycenaeans used cut stones to make arched vaults, with outside wood or stone buttresses. They also built first corbel arches.
Over rock, King Solomon of Israel built temple, which Babylonians destroyed later.
Relief shows Ashurbanipal II Killing Lions.
Brick walls with turrets surrounded Assyrian palaces.
Etruscan tombs were stone house imitations in conical earth mounds. Sarcophaguses had sculptured clay lids with reclining figures in happy poses. Etruscan tombs had bird and dolphin paintings.
Etruscan houses had an atrium.
Etruscan towns had north-south road and east-west road. Narrow aqueducts transported water over long distances. They built fortifications, bridges, and drainage systems.
Archaic Style had different temple styles: older Doric, newer Ionic, and Corinthian Ionic variant.
Nineveh is in north Iraq.
Nebuchadnezzar II built Tower of Babel. New Babylonians put smooth transparent glossy hard surface glazes on baked bricks.
Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Sumerian ziggurat to Moon goddess.
New Babylonians built first wood bridges, with stone piers.
Petra was capital of Nabatean Arabs and is east of Wadi Musa in southwest Jordan.
Corcyra is Corfu.
Babylon had eight gates.
Paestum is near Salerno in Campania in southwest Italy.
Pediment has Contest of Herakles and Apollo. Delphi is on Mount Parnassus in Phocis (Fokis) in central Greece.
Old-Persian palace was on a raised platform. Rooms, halls, and courts had many slender, fluted columns. Wooden roofs had beams fitted into column capitals. Relief sculptures had solemn ceremonial figures, mixing nomadic ornamentation styles with Greek and Sumerian styles.
It includes Vulca's muscular and aggressive terracotta Apollo of Veii. Etruscan is Tuscan. Veii was in south Etruria, north of Rome.
Olympia is on Greece west coast.
Greek Classical town has stoa municipal halls near market.
Paestum is near Naples.
He worked with Callicrates and Phidias on Parthenon.
He worked with Ictinus and Phidias on Parthenon.
Plutarch mentions him.
Etruscan rock tombs looked like house insides, with square pilaster pillars.
Halicarnassus is on Aegean-Sea coast in southwest Asia Minor.
He lived -365 to -320. Tholos is at Asclepios sanctuary.
Artemis is Diana. Chersiphron and his son, Metagenes, built first temple [-550], but it burned [-356]. The replacement temple burned [262] and invaders destroyed it [401].
Eastern wall, begun by Ch'in Shih Hwang-ti, averages eight meters tall, is seven to ten meters wide at bottom, and is five meters wide at top. Western wall is an earth mound with stone facing and is in ruins. Complete wall goes from Shanhaikuan on Yellow Sea to Chaiyukuan in Gobi Desert, 2500 kilometers, with side branches, and has 24,000 gates and towers. Ming Dynasty did next major work. Wall is largest construction in size, labor, and weight.
First capital [-500] had giant earth stupas, with stone facings, and a temple carved from solid rock. Some stupas were larger than the Pyramids. Anuradhapura is north of Columbo.
Porta Augusta had two wide towers, with a semicircular arch of voussoir wedge-shaped blocks, not overlapping stones.
Great Stupa is in central India.
Eumenes II, king of Pergamon in northwest Asia Minor, built it. East pediment shows race between Pelops and Oenomaos.
Ionic temples can have high platform {podium, temple}. Portunus protected harbors.
Roman temples were concrete covered with plaster.
Pompeii is near Naples in Campania.
Roman private houses {domus, house} had central atrium and rectangular central hall, with outer rooms.
Roman apartments {insula, apartment} had small central court, then space open to sky, and then opening to street. Shops were on first floor, with living quarters above.
Romans built first semicircular true arches, which had no buttresses.
Roman temples had cylindrical-roof barrel vaults.
Imperial Rome civic center first had Forum of Caesar and then Forum of Peace, Forum of Nerva, Forum of Augustus, Forum of Trajan, and Column of Trajan.
King Herod built temple over rock where Solomon had built temple. Romans destroyed it [70].
Aqueduct of Nîmes is 50 km long. Nimes is between Provence and Languedoc in south France.
Colosseum used barrel vaults and intersecting barrel groined vaults.
He lived -90 to -20.
Niches have sculptures.
Castel Sant'Angelo was a fortress [271]. Nicholas II connected it to Vatican by corridor. First floor has long winding ramp. Fourth floor has papal apartment and loggia of Julius II, designed by Bramante.
Arch of Ctesiphon is the 30-meter gate finished by Chosroes I of Sasanian Empire.
Roman palaces had columns and arches {arcade}.
Constantine Style reliefs had no spatial perspective, flat background, immobile figures, large-headed figures, different measurement scales, and unrelated images.
Constantine-Style round or polygonal domed baptistery buildings were for baptisms. Constantine-Style chapels were for funerals. Column rings supported domes, with ambulatories. Santa Costanza has mosaics.
Constantine Style churches had three large aisles, with groined vault and wide wooden roof, copied after public baths. Basilicas had apses at naves and colonnades down sides.
On site of Nero's amphitheater, Constantine built small church with long nave and long side aisles and with windows separated by columns. Apse with altar was at one end. Atrium was at other end. Narthex was between atrium and nave. Transept was between apse and nave. Roof was wood. Outside was brick or mortar. Inside walls were marble. Inside had colored stone pieces, small colored-glass-cube tesserae, and glazed clay mosaics embedded in plaster or cement.
Much later, pope crowned Charlemagne and other kings there.
It is on Via Ostiense.
Pope Liberius built it.
San Vitale has famous mosaics.
Byzantine churches can have buttressed main piers with pendentive rim at dome.
Ravenna is in Emilia-Romagna region in northeast Italy.
Shiva Temple is on Elephanta Island in Bombay harbor. Trimurti is Brahma, Vishnu/Krishna, and Shiva. Main statue is Shiva as Maheshwara.
Anundshog is near Stockholm. In the Ynglingasaga, Yngvar's son Anundr became king after Yngvar died [600].
Buddhist temple is on Singuttara hill.
It contains Kabaa and Zamzam Well.
Potala Palace is in Potala, a hill next to Lhasa (place of gods or Forbidden City), capital of Tibet, and is home of Dalai Lama. Songtsan Gambo, ruler of Tubo Kingdom, built it. 17th-century rulers built it again.
Vikings buried leaders in ships.
Abdul Malik ibn Marwan, eighth caliph, and Abd al-Malik, ninth caliph, built it.
Dravida temples in south India were pyramids and had stories.
Nagara temples in Khajuraho region in north India were Hindu curvilinear tower sikhara temples in cross shape.
After 700, main temple-architecture styles are Nagara in north India, Dravida in south India, and Vesara on Deccan peninsula. Hindu curvilinear tower temples {sikhara} were in cross shape and were in Khajuraho region in north India. Dravida temples were pyramids and had stories. Vesara temples had northern and southern influences.
They are scriptural texts about art.
Deccan-peninsula Vesara temples had northern and southern influences.
It is on a Roman-temple platform {temenos}.
One mile offshore in English Channel, a village has a high stone wall and a Benedictine Abbey with a spire. An earthquake and tidal wave [725] washed surrounding plains away and created a tidal marsh, with 13-meter tides. France built a stone causeway to French coast for the 250 inhabitants [1875].
Khirbat al-Mafjar Palace is near Jericho.
Mshatta Palace is southeast of Amman.
Hindu and Buddhist sculptures are in 34 cave temples. Ellora is Elura.
Ukhaydir Palace is south of Karbala.
It is now La Mezquita cathedral. Cordoba is in Andalucia in south Spain.
Medieval basilicas have westworks, with two round towers, vaulted narthex, and tower over transept and nave crossing. Square choir space separates apse and transept. Centula is near Abbéville.
Later Medieval chapels had a tall monumental westwork entrance, with two towers.
Mayans also built other buildings nearby.
Path has 72 bell-shaped reliquary stupa niches. Java restored temple in early 20th century. It is near Jogyakarta.
It has many sacred seven-headed cobra images.
Mayans and Toltecs built steep, stepped, symmetrical, stone pyramids, with a temple on top.
Qayrawan Great Mosque is by Aghlabids.
He lived 821 to 861, was Abbasid ruler [847 to 861], and built many palaces. Samarra is north of Baghdad on Tigris River.
Pranbanan Temple is near Jogyakarta.
Imperial Abbey of Corvey is east of Paderborn in Westphalia.
Ibn Tulun, Tulunid-Dynasty founder, built it, on Mount Yashkur [868 to 905].
Palitana is in Gujarat.
It replaced a Benedictine abbey.
Samanid Mausoleum was for Ismail Samani [? to 999], founder of Samanids, and contains other Samanid ruler remains.
In driest part of Sahara Desert, an Islamic town has many domes.
Ottonian churches had two transepts, large choir, small apse, and high walls. Walls went up to clerestory above roof level. Crypt under the choir stored the dead.
Shams al-Ma'ali 'Abd al-Hasan Qabus of Gurgan and Tabaristan built it.
Fatimid dynasty built it.
It is on Mt. Helikon in Boeotia. Greek crosses can have four equal arms.
Conrad II of Salic emperors began Imperial Cathedral.
Vimala Sha is for the 22nd Jainist saint.
It is where Britain crowns monarchs and is near Houses of Parliament.
Romanesque reliefs used primary colors, swirling clothes, body twists, and many people, with sharp and deep cutting {Cluniac style}.
Romanesque architecture depended on Roman architecture, with Byzantine and Islamic ornamentation. Romanesque churches had Romanesque arches. Vaulted roofs used stone masonry. Early Romanesque church vaults had groined cross vaults. Later Romanesque churches used ribbed groin vaults, to make wider and higher vaults. Vaults had solid, heavy walls. Exteriors had carvings and decorations. Church shapes were Latin crosses, with entrance facade, long nave, single transept, choir, and apse.
North Doors are by Ghiberti. South Doors are by Pisano.
St. Mark's Cathedral is in Piazza San Marco (St. Mark's Plaza).
It is near Pisa Campanile [1174] and Baptistry. Pisa is in Tuscany.
Étienne is Stephen.
Toulouse is in Midi-Pyrénées in south France.
Canterbury Cathedral is on site of original cathedral built by St. Augustine [597] and destroyed by fire [1067].
Gartempe is in Vienne department of former province of Poitou in west France.
English Late Gothic cathedrals had steeply curved vaults with ribs passing through clerestory, in Perpendicular style.
Seljuk Turks built it.
Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin, and St. Cuthbert of Durham is in northeast England.
Conques is in Midi Pyrénées province in southwest France.
St. Pierre church is in southwest France.
It was Benedictine abbey before. Poitiers is in west-central France.
Tours is in northwest France.
Islamic architecture style {Mudejar style} used brick and glazed tiles.
Autun Cathedral is near Bourgogne.
Tintern Abbey is in southeast Wales.
Largest church in Belgium is 134 meters long.
Gothic cathedrals in France were for the Virgin Mary, envisioned as young girl, rather than matron as before. Gothic cathedrals had ribbed groin vaults, Gothic pointed arches, flying buttresses, slender inner columns, triforia, choir, and niches around apse. Column clusters flowed smoothly into pointed arch and across vault. Large colored-glass-piece windows {stained glass window} often had rose shape {rose window}.
In most Gothic churches {hall church} {hallenkirche} in Germany, nave and side aisles were at same height.
Most Gothic cathedrals in Italy were in Cistercian style.
It is near Pisa Campanile [1174] and Campo Santo [1278 to 1283]. Pisa is in Tuscany.
First it was Cathedral of St. Julian of Mans. Le Mans is in northwest France.
He lived 1120 to 1196.
Romanesque churches can have campaniles.
Lyon is Lugdunum or Lyons.
Church was north Spain destination for medieval Way of Saint James (Camino de Santiago) pilgrimage. Santiago is Saint James.
It has a floor labyrinth.
Koutoubia Gardens are beside it. Marrakech is also Marrakesh.
He lived 1103 to 1195 and was archbishop of Bourges [1183 to 1995].
Bishop Mellon built first one. Rouen is in northwest France.
Aztecs built stepped, symmetrical, stone pyramids.
Temple is in capital of Tamil kingdom. King Tirumula built it. Madurai also has the name Mathurai. Meenakshi is consort of Sundareswarar, who is Shiva.
Fossanova is in Lazio, south of Rome, Italy.
Early English Gothic cathedrals were lower than in Europe.
Luzarches lived ? to 1223. Thomas de Cormont lived ? to 1228.
Seljuk Turks built it.
French Gothic cathedrals had west facade with triangular-ended gable porches with pinnacle points.
It was summer palace of Sultan Alaeddin Keykubad, who reigned 1220 to 1236 over Seljuk Turks. Lake Beysehir is in central Turkey.
Alcazaba is old Moorish section, with fountains, arcades, tiles, courtyards, Hall of Ambassadors, and Court of Myrtles. Palace of the Kings has central Court of Lions.
Strasbourg is in Alsace in east France.
Delwara Temple is in Gujarat. Tejahapala and Vastupala were brothers.
Domkirche St. Peter und Maria has Shrine of the Three Kings.
Saint-Maximin is in Provence. Charles of Anjou sponsored it.
Dabhoi is in Vadodara district of Gujarat. Dabhoi is Darbhavati.
It was capital of Shivaji Marathas and Murar Baji. Purandar is in north India.
Santa Croce was Franciscan and has Pazzi Chapel [1433 to 1461].
Early-Renaissance central-plan churches had polygon shapes. Dome is by Filippo Brunelleschi.
Palazzo Publico is in Piazza del Campo (Campo Plaza) beside Torre del Mangia or Mangia Tower [1348].
He lived 1245 to 1302. It was Piazza della Signoria or Leaders' Plaza. Signoria were leaders of Florence.
Sultaniya is in south Azerbaijan in northwest Iran.
He lived 1300 to 1366 [rebuilt 1564].
Kerman is on Lut-Desert (Kavir-e lut) edge in south-central Iran. Kerman also has Ganj-Ali-Khan bazaar, bath, and caravanserai.
Apurimac River is northwest of Cuzco.
Buildings used open square with four rectangular vaulted side halls. Domes can be over open squares. Mausoleums can attach. Original one was from 757 to 762. Qalawun ruled after Babar and built Sharia al-Muiz [1284 to 1285]. His son Khalil ruled [1290]. His brother Sultan Muhammad al-Hasir ruled Egypt [1310 to 1341], dug canal between Alexandria and Nile [1311], and had son, Sultan Hassan bin Mohammad bin Qala'oun.
Ivan III ordered Kremlin built. Triangular wall surrounds it. Inside is white Palace of Facets. Spasskaya Tower is gate tower. The Great Bell Tower is 90 meters tall, with gold onion-shaped dome. The King of Bells weighs 216 tons, is seven meters high, rang for only three years [1733 to 1736], and now is on ground. World's largest cannon is also in Kremlin, but they never fired it. Largest building is Grand Palace, built in 19th century.
Kremlin is next to Red Square, Cathedral of St. Basil, and black marble Tomb of Lenin. Cathedral of St. Basil was built in late 16th century.
Guinforte Solari lived 1465 to 1481. Amadeo lived 1447 to 1522. Pellegrini lived 1527 to 1596.
He lived 1378 to 1455.
It was for Muhammad Sultan, Timur's grandson, and includes Timur and his sons and grandsons.
Ming Dynasty built Forbidden City.
Goharshad, wife of Shahrokh, funded Timurid mosque [1405 to 1447].
Mehmet I was Ottoman sultan.
He lived 1421 to 1464.
He lived 1377 to 1446 and invented Florentine style.
Brunelleschi lived 1377 to 1446. Fancelli lived 1430 to 1494. Bartolomeo Ammannati changed it from 1558 to 1570.
Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror built it. Ottoman sultans lived there until Abdulmecid I [1839 to 1860].
He lived 1420 to 1479.
Trinita dei Monti is at top of Spanish Steps, according to Papal town plan. It has the Descent from the Cross fresco by Daniele da Volterra.
al-Ashraf Qaitbay was sultan of Mamelukes [1468 to 1496] and who lived 1423 to 1496.
Inca tunnel goes 250 meters through cliff.
Henry VII lived 1491 to 1547.
He lived 1444 to 1514.
Michelangelo succeeded Bramante in 1547. Michelangelo lived 1475 to 1564.
He lived 1481 to 1536.
Porta lived 1533 to 1602 and completed collaborations with Sangallo and Michelangelo. Sangallo the Younger lived 1484 to 1546. Sangallo the Elder lived 1455 to 1534.
He lived 1470 to 1549.
Primaticcio lived 1504 to 1570. Serlio lived 1475 to 1554.
He lived 1510 to 1578.
He lived 1511 to 1574.
Cathedral has hipped roof with small arches in tiers. Ivan the Terrible had it built after he captured Kazan Khanate. St. Basil has chapel built by Czar Fedor Ivanovich [1588].
He lived 1538 to 1584 and became Roman Catholic saint.
He lived 1518 to 1580.
He lived 1507 to 1573.
He lived 1489 to 1588. It was for Selim II.
Mogul emperor Akbar built Fathpur Sikri Mosque near Asra.
He lived 1543 to 1607. Cathedral began in 324 under Constantine at place according to Papal town plan.
He lived 1556 to 1629. Santo Ignacio has painting by Pozzo.
He lived 1562 to 1622 and was Sinan's student. Ahmed I [1589 to 1617] was Ottoman sultan [1603 to 1617].
He lived 1573 to 1652.
He lived 1585 to 1654. Tuileries Garden is near Louvre, where Tuileries Palace was.
He lived 1592 to 1666 and ruled as Shah [1628 to 1658]. Taj Mahal is at old capital and is tomb of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. It has a square marble platform 100 meters on sides, octagon 60 meters on longest side, walls 23 meters high, and bulb-shaped dome 80 meters high. It has four minarets, at corners, 45 meters high. A walled garden, with reflecting pools and walkways, surrounds it.
Maderno lived 1556 to 1629. Bernini lived 1598 to 1680.
He lived 1598 to 1666.
Shah Abbas of Safavid dynasty started final construction.
He lived 1599 to 1667.
He lived 1614 to 1670 and worked for Louis XIV.
He lived 1646 to 1708. His great-uncle was François Mansart.
He lived 1624 to 1683.
He lived 1632 to 1723. His clerk was Nicholas Hawksmoor.
He lived 1613 to 1688.
He lived 1656 to 1723. San Carlo Borromeo is St. Charles Borromaeus.
Charlottenburg Palace was for Sophie Charlotte, wife of first Prussian king, Friedrich I. Johann Eosander von Goethe was architect as it expanded later. It added east wing [1740 to 1746].
He lived 1670 to 1739.
He lived 1664 to 1726.
Egid Quirin Asam lived 1692 to 1750 and was architect. Cosmas Damian Asam lived 1686 to 1739 and was painter and architect.
He lived 1687 to 1753.
He lived 1662 to 1737.
He lived 1694 to 1753.
He lived 1714 to 1786.
He lived 1695 to 1768.
Gregorini lived 1700 to 1777. First built in 325, the stone columns remain.
He lived 1716 to 1790. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach designed and built the Early Baroque original [1696 to 1699].
He lived 1698 to 1782.
Le Panthéon is in Latin Quarter. Soufflot lived 1713 to 1780.
He lived 1728 to 1792.
He lived 1763 to 1828.
Temple is part of Wat Phia Kaeo, walled religious complex containing Royal Pantheon, which has life-sized bronzes of former kings and contains many yaks. At roof points are sky licks. Across Chaophraya River is Wat Arun or Temple of the Dawn.
He lived 1732 to 1808.
He lived 1754 to 1852 and designed Washington avenues and quadrants.
He lived 1743 to 1826.
Chalgrin lived 1739 to 1811. Blouet lived 1795 to 1853.
He lived 1752 to 1835.
He lived 1763 to 1844.
He lived 1757 to 1834. It is in north Wales.
He lived 1806 to 1859.
He lived 1795 to 1860.
He lived 1801 to 1875.
He lived 1781 to 1855.
He lived 1801 to 1865. Crystal Palace was at Great Exhibition, the first World's Fair. In 1854, it moved to Hyde Park until 1939. Sydenham is now in London.
He lived 1804 to 1887.
He lived 1817 to 1891. It is near Aberdeen.
Negrelli lived 1799 to 1858 and was from Austria. Lesseps lived 1805 to 1894 and was from France.
He lived 1857 to 1874.
He lived 1838 to 1886.
He lived 1806 to 1869 and patented wire rope, used in suspension bridges.
He lived 1834 to 1904. Eiffel built the frame. Liberty Island is part of New York City.
She lived 1837 to 1922.
He lived 1832 to 1907. Home Insurance had ten stories.
He lived 1832 to 1923. Stephen Sauvestre [1874 to 1919] added design.
He lived 1856 to 1924 and was father of modernism. He was of Chicago school and founded Prairie School of architecture.
He lived 1852 to 1926.
It connects Brig with Domodossola.
He lived 1857 to 1947.
He lived 1821 to 1901.
He lived 1867 to 1959 and used Cubist ideas. Horizontal houses {prairie house} integrate with surroundings. Well-designed houses {Usonian house} can be affordable.
White lived 1853 to 1906. McKim lived 1847 to 1909.
He lived 1859 to 1934.
He lived 1858 to 1928.
He lived 1883 to 1969. Style {Bauhaus style} can unite art and craft, without distinction between worker and artist.
He lived 1887 to 1965 and designed "machines to be lived in" {machines à habiter}. He built curtain-wall buildings, with steel skeletons and glass sides.
He lived 1883 to 1958 and worked for Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon Company [1929], with Richmond Harold Shreve [1877 to 1946] and Arthur Loomis Harmon [1878 to 1958].
Lake Mead formed behind it.
Moisseiff lived 1872 to 1943. Ellis lived 1876 to 1949.
He lived 1895 to 1983.
He lived 1876 to 1955.
He lived 1886 to 1969.
He lived 1898 to 1976 and designed buildings and furniture.
It is not on I-10 and US-90 Pontchartrain Expressway in New Orleans. Lake Pontchartrain is in south Louisiana, northeast of New Orleans.
Now canals allow ocean traffic to go to Great Lakes.
He lived 1879 to 1965.
Moore lived 1937 to 1998.
William Preston Lane, Jr., Memorial Bridge is on US 50 and 301.
He lived 1910 to 1961.
He lived 1912 to 1986. Towers burned down in 2001.
He lived 1912 to 1995.
Aswan High Dam is in upper Egypt.
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi built it on west road to airport.
He lived 1925 to ?.
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company runs it.
Towns and buildings built in natural, intuitive, organic, and evolving way are best. People in society can share ideas {pattern language}. Pattern-language patterns solve problems of living in environments, from large regions down to room parts. Patterns depend on each other.
Larger patterns are about town or community. They have independent regions. They have town distributions, city-country fingers, agricultural valleys, country streets, country towns, and countryside. They have subcultures, scattered work, and local transport areas. They have community of 7000, subculture boundary, identifiable neighborhood, and neighborhood boundary. They have public transportation webs, ring roads, learning networks, shopping webs, and minibuses. They have four-story limit, nine-percent parking, parallel roads, sacred sites, access to water, life cycle accommodation, and men and women. They have eccentric nuclei, density rings, activity nodes, promenades, shopping streets, nightlife, and interchanges. They have household mix, public and private mix, house clusters, row houses, housing hills, and old people everywhere. They have work communities, industrial ribbons, marketplace universities, local town halls, community-project loops, large markets, health centers, and housing between. They have looped local roads, T-junctions, green streets, path and road networks, main gateways, road crossings, raised walks, bike paths and racks, and children. They have carnivals, quiet back areas, accessible greens, small public squares, high places, street dancing, pools and streams, birthplaces, and holy ground. They have common land, connected play, public outdoor rooms, grave sites, still water, local sports, adventure playgrounds, and animals. They have families and different-size houses. They have self-governing workshops and offices, small services without red tape, office connections, masters and apprentices, teenage society, shop-front schools, and homes. They have individually owned shops, street cafes, corner groceries, beer halls, traveler's inns, bus stops, and food stands.
Smaller patterns are for buildings. They have building complexes, several stories, shielded parking, circulation realms, main buildings, pedestrian paths, building thoroughfares, family entrances, and small parking lots. They have site repair, south-facing outdoor areas, outdoor spaces, light wings, connected buildings, and long thin houses. They have main entrances, half-hidden gardens, entrance transitions, car connections, open-space hierarchies, living courtyards, cascading roofs, sheltering roofs, and roof gardens. They have arcades, paths and goals, path shapes, building fronts, pedestrians not too crowded, activity pockets, and stair seats. They have intimacy gradient, indoor sunlight, common areas at heart, entrance rooms, flows through rooms, short passages, staircase stages, zen-style views, and light and dark tapestries. They have couple realms, children realms, sleeping to east, farmhouse kitchens, private terraces, own rooms, sitting spaces, bed clusters, bathing rooms, and bulk storage. They have flexible office space, communal eating, small work groups, reception areas, places to wait, small meeting rooms, and half-private offices. They have rooms to rent, teenager cottages, old-age cottages, settled workplaces, home workshops, and open stairs. They have light on two room sides, building edges, sunny places, north facing areas, outdoor rooms, street-level windows, openings to street, galleries, six-foot balconies, and connections to earth. They have terraced slopes, fruit trees, tree places, wild gardens, garden walls, trellised walks, greenhouses, garden seats, vegetable gardens, and compost. They have alcoves, window places, fireplaces, eating spots, workspace enclosures, cooking layouts, sitting circles, communal sleeping, marriage beds, bed alcoves, and dressing rooms. They have ceiling-height variety, indoor space shapes, large windows, half-open walls, interior windows, good staircase volume, and corner doors. They have thick walls, closets between rooms, sunny counters, open shelves, waist-high shelves, built-in seats, child caves, and secret places.
Building details have patterns. Buildings have structure that follows social spaces, efficient structure, good materials, and gradual stiffening. They have roof layouts, floor-and-ceiling layouts, outer wall thickenings, corner columns, and column distributions. They have root foundations, ground floor slab, box columns, perimeter beams, wall membranes, floor-ceiling vaults, and roof vaults. They have natural doors and windows, low sill, deep reveals, low doorway, and frames as thickened edges. They have column places, column connections, stair vaults, duct spaces, radiant heat, dormer windows, and roof caps. They have floor surfaces, lapped outside walls, soft inside walls, windows that open wide, solid doors with glass, filtered light, small panes, and half-inch trim. They have seat spots, front-door benches, sitting walls, canvas roofs, flower baskets, climbing plants, stone paving, tile, and brick. They have ornaments, warm colors, different chairs, light pools, and things from life.
Combining patterns gives deeper meaning.
It had cave painting.
It had pottery and carving.
Sumerian began after city-states arose near confluence of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Egyptian Old Kingdom included Imhotep.
It started in early Bronze Age.
Akkadian began after King Sargon conquered south Sumer.
New Sumerian began after kings of Ur conquered Akkadians.
Egyptian Middle Kingdom included the 11th and 12th Dynasties.
It used color.
Babylonian began with King Hammurabi.
It had painted pottery.
Egyptian New Kingdom included the 18th, 19th, and 20th Dynasties and had various styles.
Chinese art began as cities formed.
Hittite art became different than in Sumer and Babylon.
It became different from Babylonian style.
Pre-Columbian art began as villages began.
Oldest Greek style {Geometric Style} flourished when cities started. Pottery and small statues had human and animal figures, as well as ornamental triangles, checks, and concentric circles.
Greek Archaic included Psiax and Douris.
Second-oldest Greek style {Orientalizing Style} had a proto-Attic group in Athens and a proto-Corinthian group in Corinth. Near East and Egypt influenced it. Vases and amphora used narrative decoration with expressive figures.
It was in Etruria in Tuscany.
New Babylonian began after Assyria lost to Medes and Scythians under Nebuchadnezzar.
Nabatean Arabs built in southwest Jordan.
It became different from Indian art.
Old Persian began after Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon.
Greek Classical began with rebuilding on the Acropolis, the sacred hill above Athens, and included Ictinus, Callicrates, Mnesicles, Polyclitus, Myron, and Phidias.
Late Greek Classical or Hellenistic included Bryaxis, Scopas, Praxiteles, and Lysippus.
It had engineering projects.
It had monumental buildings.
Early Christian and Byzantine art had few angels.
New Persian began after Shapur I defeated Romans.
Constantine Style used unrelated images. Figures were immobile and large-headed, and depth was shallow with little perspective.
Viking metal arts used orderly arrangements of ornamental designs and animal figures.
Byzantine began with Emperor Justinian and included Andrei Rublev.
Early Medieval art had Christian art, Celtic art, and Pre-Romanesque art.
Arabic Calligraphy included Ibn Muqla, Ibn al-Bawwab, Bihzad, Mir Ali, Sinan, Muhammadi, Sadiqi-Beg, Riza-i Abbasi, and Hafiz Osman. They used floriated and foliated embellishments in calligraphy.
It became different from Indian and Chinese art.
Borobudur in central Java had reliefs.
Medieval began with Charlemagne, whose capital was at Aachen.
Khmer art began [800].
Ottonian Renaissance began when Otto and Adelaide married [951].
Romanesque had romantic Cluniac style and classical Cistercian style and included Gislebertus, Benadetto Antelani, Revier of Huy, and Nicholas of Verdun.
English Late Gothic cathedrals had steeply curved vaults with ribs passing through clerestory {Perpendicular style}.
Gothic style began with Abbey Church of St. Denis rebuilding. St. Denis is patron saint of France. Abbey Church is French-king burial place. Gothic had Parisian and International styles and included Abbot Suger, Cimabue, Claus Sluter, Nicola Pisano, Giovanni Pisano, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Giotto, Duccio, Pietro Lorenzetti, and Limbourg Brothers. English architecture had English Early Gothic and English Late Gothic or Perpendicular style.
Painting in north Europe and Italy had soft, modeled quality, using light, shadow, and detail {Gothic International Style}. Gothic statues had fuller body forms and individualistic figures.
It began in Burma dry zone [-500] in early Bronze-Iron Age.
Early Renaissance began as Italy revived classical ideas, compared Greek city-states to Italian city-states, and learned about linear perspective from al-Hazen's book. Early Renaissance painting was first to project scenes onto surfaces as they appeared to painters, using sightlines. Early Renaissance was humanistic and individualistic art and included Florentine style. Early Renaissance included Brunelleschi, Masaccio, and Donatello.
Late Gothic included Master of Flemalle or Robert Campin, Jan van Eyck, and Martin Schongeuer.
Kings commissioned Buddhist art.
High Renaissance was subjective and individualistic, with more drama and emotion, and included Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci.
Northern Renaissance featured strong color, colored light, and soft bodies. It included Matthias Grunewald.
Late Renaissance presaged Baroque and included Tintoretto, El Greco, Vasari, and Coreggio.
Mannerism showed inner thoughts, rather than realism or classical values.
Northern Italian Realism included Veronese, Cellini, Bologna or Jean de Boulogne, and Palladio.
Baroque began in Rome, spread to Italy, went to Germany, and then got to France and England. Baroque painting, but not architecture nor sculpture, spread to Flanders, Holland, and Spain. Baroque is anti-classical, actively relates sculpture to setting, and features putti cherubs, concave and convex surfaces, and elastic forms.
Rococo featured flowery and colorful interior decoration.
Romanticism or Neoclassical Art revived Greek classical, Romanesque, and Gothic styles, to create intense emotional experience by removing present customs and social orders and returning to simpler, more natural time. It began with archeological discoveries of Greek antiquities and ruins at Pompeii and Herculaneum. Romanticism included Millet, Rousseau, Corot, and Daubigny. Romanticism included Barbizon School. Soufflot, Robert Adam, and Thomas Jefferson are Neoclassical.
Iron Architecture included Eiffel.
Barbizon School of landscape painting included Millet, Rousseau, Corot, and Daubigny.
Impressionism showed features of reality as experienced personally by artist. Manet was the first Impressionist.
It showed everyday situations.
Post-Impressionism included Cezanne, Gauguin, Soutime, and van Gogh.
Art Nouveau was a decorative style based on curve patterns and nature and included Beardsley in England and Gaudí in Spain. Hector Guimard [1867 to 1942] designed Paris Metro subway entrances [1898 to 1901], such as at Porte Dauphine station. Art Nouveau in Germany was Jugendstil or Youth Style. Art Nouveau in Austria was Sezessionstil or Secession Style. Gustav Klimt painted [1862 to 1918]. Josef Hoffmann built furniture. Siegfried Bing started La Maison de l'Art Nouveau in Paris [1896].
Belle Epoque was classical and traditional. Jewelry used diamonds, pearls, and platinum.
Edwardian depended on Georgian and was classical and traditional. Jewelry used diamonds, pearls, and platinum.
Expressionism expressed artist emotions toward world and human condition and included Matisse, Roualt, Soutime, and Die Brücke or Bridge School.
Fauvism included Kandinsky, Matisse, and Roualt.
Neo-plasticism or De Stijl Movement used non-objective abstraction to achieve pure reality through balance of non-symmetrical parts.
Primevalism returned to primitive forms, and sculptors included Brancusi and Moore.
Abstractionism was about art and reality form and structure.
Cubism used shaded wedges and open spaces.
Fantasism was irrational, spontaneous, and imaginative and included Chirico, Chagall, Klee, and Duchamp. Duchamp started Dadaism.
Futurism included Boccioni and Balla.
Art Deco depended on geometric forms, common materials, and function. Erté or Romain de Tirtoff [1892 to 1990] was from Russia.
It was symmetrical, balanced, and unornamented. Richard Neutra started International Style in America.
Surrealism expressed thought unbounded by reason, aesthetics, or morals and included Ernst, Dali, and Miro.
Moderne extended Art Deco and used cheaper objects and materials.
Altamira Cave is in Monte Vispieres.
Addaura Cave is in Monte Pellegrino. Niscemi's Cave is nearby.
Aborigines painted natural and abstract designs {pictograph}|, using red ochre on rocks.
Lascaux Cave is in Dordogne region in southwest France.
La Magdelaine Cave is in Tarn region.
Sumerian tomb paintings had overlapping figures and 3/4 views.
Minoan palaces had wall paintings of realistic scenes, with smooth lines and curves. Early Minoan art and Greek art filled all spaces.
It was in Hagia Triada palace with Chieftain Cup. Hagia Triada is in south-central Crete.
Egyptian New Kingdom tomb paintings and reliefs showed landscapes and everyday life.
Assyrian painting had nomadic style and featured animal paintings.
Etruscan tombs had painted murals.
Greek Archaic vase painting had scenes from mythology and everyday life and used strong outlines filled with opaque flat colors.
Greek Archaic wall paintings {mural} had scenes from mythology and everyday life and used strong outlines filled with opaque flat colors.
He decorated amphora.
He painted black figures and then red figures.
In Greek Classical painting, white backgrounds, body-part foreshortening, and thicker or thinner outlines {contour, Greek painting} caused appearance of depth and three dimensions. Lekythio oil jugs can have paintings.
Battle of Issus [-333] matched Alexander the Great and Darius III. Pompeii is near Naples in Campania.
Roman wall paintings in Pompeii and Herculaneum had odd perspectives, diffuse lighting, and hazy atmosphere. Pompeii is near Naples in Campania.
Thin bleached parchment replaced papyrus rolls. Books {codex}| had vellum sheets bound at one side.
Later Han-Dynasty painters used black ink on paper to paint scenery and landscapes.
Roman painted portraits used encaustic.
Early Christian paintings in Roman catacombs had aureole haloes around heads and Christian symbols.
Dura-Europus was in desert near Palmyra.
Constantine-Style painted books began.
It has Aeneid and Georgics.
Theodosius the Great commissioned it.
Ajanta is in Maharashtra in north India.
Constantine Style painting sequences showed different time stages {continuous narration}.
Pope Nicholas IV rebuilt it and restored mosaics [1671].
Byzantine mosaics in San Vitale (Saint Vitalis) church show tall, slim figures with small faces, narrow straight noses, and dark staring eyes, under curved brows with passive bodies.
Byzantine sacred pictures {icon painting} conformed to strict rules.
Islamic mosaics used geometric and symmetric patterns.
Monks illustrated them. Lindisfarne Island is in Northumbria in northeast England.
Monks at Lindisfarne Island, in Northumbria in northeast England, illustrated it. Monastery is at Echternach. Willibrord lived 658 to 739 and was missionary from Northumbria to Frisians in Netherlands.
Zen Buddhist lived 698 to 759, in T'ang Dynasty. He affected later Southern school of Chinese landscape art.
Zen Buddhist lived 700 to 760, in T'ang Dynasty.
Islamic calligraphy began with Koran production.
Islamic cursive calligraphy had six hands or styles {aqlam al-sitta} used in Iran before ta'liq style: Naskh, Thuluth, Muhaqqaq, Rihani, Tauqi, and Riqa.
Naskh is regular and balanced. Seljuks in Iran used Naskh for correspondence and literature. Ibn Muqla [? to 939] of Shiraz applied rules to existing naskh. Letters fit into a circle whose vertical diameter represented the alef letter. Calligraphers measured lines by dots. Ahmad-i Nayrizi and Ibn al-Bawwab [? to 1022] wrote proportioned naskh scripts. Mirza Ahmad Nayrizi [1800 to 1850] used naskh.
Thuluth is an impressive script used mosque, monument, and plaque titles. Rounded letters can intersect above and below lines. Imamzadeh Mahruq used thuluth. The Safavid calligrapher Ali Reza Abbasi used thuluth in Isfahan and Mashhad mosques. Muhaqqaq is narrower than thuluth. Rihani is like muhaqqaq, but smaller. Riqa is a small script used in documents.
Ta'liq and nasta'liq appeared in Iran in 14th century and dominated in 15th and 16th centuries. Ta'liq has short thin verticals and broad horizontals. In 14th century, Mir Ali Tabrizi developed nasta'liq from ta'liq for poetry.
Sayyid Shafua of Herat changed nasta'liq to shikastah (broken script) in 17th century. Shikastah fills spaces between words and sentences.
Charlemagne commissioned it after he marched to meet Pope Adrian I.
It has the four Gospels and Eusebian Canons, in which Eusebius cross-referenced the Gospels.
During Sung Dynasty, landscape artists chiseled flat wood-block woodcuts, inked them, and pressed them to paper.
Monks copied many Latin texts.
Monks at Benedictine Abbey at Hautvillers, near Rheims in north France, illustrated it.
Monks illustrated it. A Benedictine abbey is at Hautvillers, near Rheims in north France. Monks there also illustrated the Utrecht Psalter. Ebbo was archbishop of Reims [816 to 835].
Lindau is on east Lake Constance (Bodensee) in Bavaria in south Germany.
He lived ? to 940 and perfected Naskh.
It has Greek style.
Example is Piramouz Kufic Script.
Islamic calligraphy developed the first cursive forms of Kufic.
Ibn Muqla lived ? to 940, was Vizier at Baghdad, and codified Plaited Kufic script.
During Sung Dynasty, landscape paintings were silk painted with carbon black dissolved in water and other watercolors.
It has Arabic numerals.
Reichenau monastery was on an island in Lake Constance in Bavaria in south Germany.
Chandela dynasty ruled Bundelkhand [900 to 1500]. Khajuraho is in Madhya Pradesh state in central India.
Native-American painting on wood or human body used ornamental designs. American Indians drew all figure parts, by spreading the figure flat, looking from top, in split-style drawing.
Navajo painted on flat sand {sand painting} by pouring powdered earth in abstract patterns. Hosteen Klah wove sandpainting images into rugs [1935].
He lived ? to 1022.
Romanesque paintings were two-dimensional, patterned, outlined, and active, blending symbolic and ornamental styles.
Charlemagne started the abbey. Gartempe is in Vienne department of former province of Poitou in west France.
Domenico Contarini was Doge and commissioned it.
Byzantine mosaics began to use crucifixion theme.
Bishop Odo commissioned it. Bayeux is in Normandy in north France.
Islamic style used geometric and floral arabesques.
Flags and oriflamme banners had Gothic style.
Palermo is port in northwest Sicily.
Madonna paintings predominated as Roman Catholic church emphasized her role.
He lived 1262 to 1316.
Zen Buddhist lived 1155 to 1235 in Sung Dynasty. He founded Ma-Hsia school of landscape painting, with Hsia Kuei.
Zen Buddhist lived in Sung Dynasty.
The later nasta'liq combines naskhi and ta'liq styles.
Zen Buddhist lived 1180 to 1230 in Sung Dynasty. He founded Ma-Hsia school of landscape painting, with Ma Yuan.
Bourges is in central France.
Zen Buddhist lived 1200 to 1274 in Sung Dynasty.
He lived 1240 to 1302.
He lived 1267 to 1337, used linear perspective, and painted with tempera.
Italian painters, who put figures in architectural settings to give more depth to painting, combined Byzantine and Gothic styles.
Zen Buddhist lived 1275 to 1351 and used fine brush style {sumi style, Kokushi}. He designed gardens.
He lived 1260 to 1318.
He lived 1280 to 1348.
Islamic style paintings had high horizon.
He lived ? to 1416 and painted miniatures.
Zen Buddhist lived 1352 to 1431 and painted in sumi style.
Early-Renaissance artists painted frescoes and polyptychs.
Late Gothic painting used color shading to achieve depth {atmospheric perspective} [Clark, 1969].
He lived 1360 to 1430.
Herman Limbourg lived 1370 to 1416. Paul Limbourg lived 1375 to 1416. Jean Limbourg lived 1380 to 1416.
He lived 1378 to 1444 and dissolved pigments in oil {oil painting}. Oil allows more color tones and can be thick or thin. He was among the earliest portrait artists. His Late Gothic painting is realistic, with light, depth, continuity, and detail.
He lived 1401 to 1428, began Early-Renaissance painting, and used perspective and full-bodied figures.
He lived 1370 to 1426 and first used atmospheric perspective.
He lived 1390 to 1441, first used oil paint, and painted the first portraits.
He lived 1399 to 1464.
He lived 1406 to 1469 and was of Florentine school.
Zen Buddhist lived 1414 to 1465 and painted in sumi style of Chinese ink painting of Muromachi period. He was Josetsu's student and taught Sesshu.
St. Francesca Romana lived 1384 to 1440 in Rome and started Olivetan Oblates.
He lived 1431 to 1506.
He lived 1302 to 1373.
He lived 1418 to 1457.
Munif originated it, and Hamadullah improved it.
Monogram of the Sultan used Tughra script.
He lived 1420 to 1492.
He lived 1450 to 1520, was of Herat School [1467 to 1506], was later of Tabriz School [1506 to 1520], and used Safavid style. Herat is in northwest Afghanistan.
Zen Buddhist lived ? to 1483, painted in Bummei-Period sumi style, and started Soga School.
He lived 1444 to 1510.
He lived 1435 to 1498.
He lived 1430 to 1516.
He lived 1450 to 1491 and used copper plates.
He lived 1452 to 1519 and studied anatomy. Fossils are sea organisms that fell to bottom in layers, but land subsequently rose [1482 to 1499].
He used perspective and shadow. Figures were in chiaroscuro light and dark, with light coming from undefined source. Sfumat haze makes soft veiled atmosphere to suggest more depth. Brighter objects appear larger by irradiation. He mirror wrote, as can many left-handers. He used hydraulics in shows that he created for the duke.
Akbar and later Mogul emperors commissioned nature and court-life paintings in north India and had workshops that combined Indian and Islamic styles.
He lived 1446 to 1523.
Zen Buddhist lived 1421 to 1506 and was master of Japanese suiboku ink painting.
He lived 1471 to 1528.
Zen painting, other Zen arts, and classical Chinese poetry have four modes. Sabi is quiet and isolated or in the middle and so neither desired or rejected. Wabi is depressed, simple, ordinary, or common. Aware is nostalgic or regretful. Yugen is mysterious or deep.
Rajasthan state is in northwest India.
He lived 1450 to 1516.
He lived 1450 to 1523.
He lived 1483 to 1520.
Sultan Muhammad's son Mozaffar Ali Siyavash or Mosavar Mohammadi was miniature painter of Ghazvin School.
He was of Tabriz School of miniature painters, as was Behzad, and was Aqa Mirak of Isfahan's pupil. Mir Sayyid Ali, Mirza Ali, and Muzaffar Ali were also of Tabriz School.
He lived 1477 to 1510.
He lived 1470 to 1528.
He lived 1485 to 1576.
He lived 1497 to 1543.
He lived 1489 to 1534.
He lived 1499 to 1546 and started academic style.
He lived 1472 to 1553. Lucas Cranach the Younger lived 1515 to 1586.
He lived 1480 to 1538.
He taught Sultan Muhammad.
Mannerist lived 1509 to 1566.
He lived 1533 to 1610, wrote Arabic calligraphy, painted miniatures, and was of Ghazvin School.
He lived 1528 to 1588.
He painted miniatures.
He lived 1525 to 1569.
He lived 1518 to 1594.
He lived 1540 to 1576 and was miniature painter of Ghazvin School.
Imad al-Husni lived 1554 to 1614 and was of Isfahan School.
He lived 1541 to 1614, in Spain from 1577.
He lived 1571 to 1610 and used naturalism. He used tenebrism high contrast between dark and light from one source.
Sayyid Shafua of Herat invented it.
Zen Buddhist lived 1582 to 1645 and painted in sumi style.
He lived 1577 to 1640.
He lived 1599 to 1660.
He lived 1580 to 1530, wrote Safavid Arabic calligraphy, painted miniatures, and was of Isfahan School. Reza Abassi's pupil was Moin. Moin painted Reza Abassi. Muhammad Qasim, Mir Muhammad Ali, and Muhammad Yusuf continued Isfahan School style until 1700. Nadir Shah showed Mogul influences in 18th century.
He lived 1577 to 1650. He studied at Tosa School and then at Kano School, and then he founded Ukiyoye School or Popular School. Tosa School [1220] painted court scenes and battles. Kano School [1460] used Chinese-style painting for shoguns.
He lived 1591 to 1666.
He lived 1582 to 1666.
He lived 1599 to 1639.
He lived 1606 to 1669.
He lived 1594 to 1665.
He lived 1596 to 1669.
He lived 1602 to 1682.
He lived 1597 to 1665 and built church interiors.
He lived 1593 to 1652.
He lived 1625 to 1654.
He lived 1628 to 1682.
He lived 1605 to 1682.
He lived 1629 to 1684 and painted domestic scenes.
He lived 1625 to 1679.
He lived 1632 to 1675.
He lived 1638 to 1714 and printed ukiyo-e from woodblocks.
He lived 1787 to 1867 and printed India-ink woodblock prints {ukiyo-e}. Horishige, Hokusai, Utamaro, and Hishikawa Moronobu also printed them.
He lived 1642 to 1698 and used words and phrases to depict bird or animal.
He lived 1638 to 1698 and painted town scenes.
He lived 1684 to 1721.
He lived ? to 1725 and sketched scenes and demons {Otsu pictures} in Otso near Kyoto.
He lived 1725 to 177 and printed woodblocks in colors {nishiki-e}.
He lived 1697 to 1764. Feeling of beauty depends on bodily characteristics and sensations, as they identify themselves with art {empathy theory}.
He lived 1703 to 1770 and used Rococo style.
He lived 1699 to 1779.
He lived 1727 to 1788.
He lived 1696 to 1770.
Company was Bilston & Battersea Enamels.
He lived 1732 to 1806.
He lived 1713 to 1782 and painted landscapes.
He lived 1724 to 1806.
He lived 1738 to 1815.
He lived 1723 to 1792. Beauty relates to central idea. The most-beautiful things are the most-representative class examples.
He lived 1738 to 1820.
He lived 1735 to 1783.
Zen Buddhist lived 1750 to 1837 and painted in sumi style.
He lived 1741 to 1825.
He lived 1748 to 1825.
He lived 1756 to 1843.
He lived 1757 to 1827.
He lived 1755 to 1828.
He lived 1775 to 1851.
He lived 1746 to 1828.
He lived 1756 to 1823 and painted portraits.
He lived 1780 to 1867.
He lived 1774 to 1840.
He lived 1776 to 1837.
He lived 1791 to 1824.
He lived 1792 to 1878.
He lived 1798 to 1863.
He lived 1796 to 1875.
He lived 1760 to 1849.
He lived 1796 to 1872 and painted Native Americans.
He lived 1797 to 1858 and was of Ukiyo-e School of printmaking.
He lived 1785 to 1851 and painted birds.
He lived 1801 to 1848 and founded Hudson River School of nature painting.
He lived 1780 to 1849.
He lived 1813 to 1888.
He lived 1819 to 1877.
He lived 1814 to 1875 and was of Barbizon School.
He lived 1821 to 1893.
He lived 1832 to 1883.
He lived 1832 to 1883 and was the first Impressionist, for whom painting itself was reality.
He lived 1834 to 1917.
He lived 1840 to 1926.
He lived 1841 to 1919.
He lived 1834 to 1903.
He lived 1836 to 1910.
He lived 1844 to 1916.
He lived 1839 to 1906, was Post-Impressionist, and articulated foreground and background.
He lived 1847 to 1917.
He lived 1859 to 1891 and used color dots {Pointillism} {Divisionism}.
He lived 1853 to 1890, was Post-Impressionist, and painted landscapes filled with emotion and bright colors.
He lived 1808 to 1879.
He lived 1848 to 1903 and was Post-Impressionist. He used folk art, stained glass, and flat picture with strong colors, in pre-Renaissance style {synthetism, Gauguin}. His later work is his Tahitian period.
He lived 1863 to 1944.
He lived 1872 to 1898.
He lived 1864 to 1901.
He lived 1844 to 1910.
Artists cut and pasted scraps onto background {collage}| or in three dimensions {constructivism, art}.
He lived 1858 to 1924.
He lived 1856 to 1925.
He lived 1881 to 1973, had a Blue period, and then had a Rose period. He used shaded wedges and open spaces {Cubism} and pasted collages.
He lived 1870 to 1966 and was Art Nouveau.
He lived 1869 to 1954 and was Expressionist and Fauvist.
He lived from 1884 to 1920.
He lived 1871 to 1958, was Futurist, and used Cubist ideas.
He lived 1866 to 1944, led Die Brucke or the Bridge, and was the first non-objective or non-representational painter {non-representational art} {non-objective art, Kandinsky}. He was Fauvist. He, Franz Marc, and other German expressionists formed Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) [1911 to 1014].
He lived 1887 to 1985.
He lived 1882 to 1963.
He lived 1887 to 1968 and superimposed movement phases.
He lived 1872 to 1944 and used a non-objective style {Neo-Plasticism} {De Stijl} that balanced asymmetrical parts.
He lived 1888 to 1978 and was Fantasist.
He lived 1892 to 1990, designed stage and film clothes, and was of Art Deco.
He lived 1894 to 1978 and painted Saturday Evening Post magazine covers [1916 to 1958].
He lived 1886 to 1957 and painted murals. Jose Clemente Orozco, David Alvaro Siquieros, and Rivera painted public-building frescos in Mexican Mural Renaissance [1921 to 1930].
He lived 1863 to 1948.
He lived 1879 to 1940 and used ideographic and simple shapes.
He lived 1893 to 1943, used color dots {Pointillism, Soutine} {Divisionism, Soutine}, and was Post-Impressionist.
He lived 1894 to 1964.
He lived 1877 to 1953 and was Fauvist.
He lived 1891 to 1976, was Surrealist, and constructed frottages [1925] and decalomania.
He lived 1904 to 1989, used psychoanalytic ideas, and was Surrealist.
He lived 1883 to 1955 and painted Paris street scenes.
He lived 1871 to 1958.
He lived 1898 to 1972 and etched lithographs and woodcuts with scenes impossible in three-dimensional space or with opposite-shape tilings. He used the 17 symmetries available in the plane {wallpaper group, Escher}. He also represented hyperbolic space by projection onto plane.
He lived 1882 to 1967.
He lived 1912 to 1956 and was Abstract Expressionist, who used poured or squirted paint in an active painting process {action painting}.
He lived 1917 to ?.
He lived 1904 to 1997.
He lived 1888 to 1976 and used color squares to study color relations.
He lived 1928 to 1987.
He lived 1934 to 1976, was Surrealist, and used only curved outlines {biomorphic abstraction, Miro}.
He lived 1898 to 1969.
He used thick oil.
Upper Paleolithic Period [-30000 to -20000] carved many small nude female figures.
Les Eyzies is in Dordogne region.
Plastered skulls with individual faces, pottery, and woven cloth were made.
Inanna was main Sumer goddess and the sky god An's daughter. Uruk is Warka. Culture also cast bronze king heads.
Egyptian Old Kingdom had abstract-picture hieroglyphs. Sculptural views were face on, profile, or from above. Menes is Greek name for Narmer.
In Cyclades stone tombs, marble standing-female statues were naked or draped {nude}, had folded arms, had flattened bodies, had faces with noses only, and were probably motherhood and fertility goddesses.
Sphinx is next to King Chefron's pyramid. Sculptors carved it at site.
Sculptors in Fourth dynasty carved it. Saqqara is west of Memphis and south of Cairo.
Indus Valley people carved sculptures with soft, full human forms, in the first communities in Pakistan and northwest India.
In Egyptian Old Kingdom tombs, royal-household limestone busts {reserve head} were near burial chamber, and limestone walls had sculptures {relief}.
Akkadian rulers commissioned busts.
Akkadians cut upright stone slabs used as stele markers.
Gudea was prince of Lagash and ruler of New Sumerian Empire. Girsu is Tello in south Mesopotamia.
Khakhaure Senusret III or Senwosret III or Sesostris III was pharaoh in middle of 12th Dynasty. Mentu was originally the main Theban god. Thebes is Luxor in north Egypt.
Babylonians used deep-cut reliefs {high relief} and shallow reliefs {bas relief}. Statues had rounded eyes.
Amenhotep III of Egyptian New Kingdom erected them. Earthquake damaged them during reign of Septimus Severus, and they sang no more. Temple and statues do not exist now.
Mycenaeans molded small female terracotta statues.
Vaphio is in Mycenae near Sparta.
Amenhotep IV is Akhenaten.
Tomb was in Valley of the Kings near Thebes (Luxor).
Near Aswan, at Temple of Amon Re, four statues of Egyptian New Kingdom pharaoh Ramses II, sitting and looking east over Nile, are 23 meters high, in a cliff.
Kamakura Period [1185 to 1573] was in Yorimoto shogunate.
Olmecs cut realistic sculptures.
Assyrian art had nomadic style and featured animal sculptures.
Etruscan urns had human shapes.
Early Greek Archaic sculptures can stand alone {freestanding statue}, had free arms and legs, had staring eyes, and were similar to Egyptian styles. Two forms were clothed maiden {kore} and nude young man {kouros}.
Dragons are luck and prosperity symbols.
Artemisium is north of Euboea or Negropont or Negroponte Island in Aegean Sea near east central Greece.
It was on Acropolis.
Smilis was Daedalus' student. Perhaps, Isches of Ionia commissioned it. Samos is Pythagoreion in Asia Minor.
It has Mesopotamian style.
Greek-Archaic statues had quiet tight Archaic smiles.
Chios is island in north Aegean Sea.
It has mane.
Aphaea was local goddess but later was same as Athena or Artemis.
Greek Archaics formed kylix drinking cups.
Statues are freestanding, with natural forms and expressive faces, in East Pediment of Temple of Aphaia at Aegina.
He taught Myron. Greek Classical statues typically put weight on one leg in counterpoise.
Greek Classical statues used serious facial expressions {Severe Style}, rather than Archaic smiles.
Delphi is on Mount Parnassus in Phocis (Fokis) in central Greece.
Lapiths were in Thessaly. Theseus aided the Lapiths.
Perhaps, he was Ageladas of Argos' student.
His technique {canon of Polykleitos} {Polykleitos canon} balances shoulder-and-hip tension and relaxation in chiastic balance. He worked in bronze.
It is first female nude sculpture of Classical period.
He worked with Callicrates and Ictinus on Parthenon.
Thrace is in northeast Greece, south Bulgaria, and northwest Turkey.
Catana was first Greek colony in Sicily [-734].
He worked with Scopas, Leochares, and Timotheus on Mausoleum.
He lived -400 to -350 and came from Paros in Cyclades islands.
Alopeka is on Asia-Minor coast.
He lived -400 to -340.
He led Argos and Sicyon school. Sicyon is between Corinth and Achaea.
Lysicrates was chorus leader {choragos} and play sponsor.
King Asoka had giant sculptures made, which had Persian influences.
It copies bronze Greek statue commissioned [-220] by Attalos I of Pergamon, Asia Minor, in west Turkey. Galatia is Gaul.
Samothrace island is in north Aegean Sea.
Tenine commissioned it.
Some portraits copied death masks.
Pompeii is near Naples in Campania.
Rhodes is island near Crete.
Augustus commissioned it after he returned from Gallic and Spanish wars [-13].
Tiberius commissioned it [15]. It was in Livia's villa at Prima Porta, just north of Rome.
Vespasian constructed Forum [75] and began Colosseum. His sin Titus finished the Colosseum [80].
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It is Pentelic marble arch southeast of Forum.
Buddha forbade statues of himself.
It has Atlas holding globe with Greek constellations.
He lived 50 to 130.
It has two balustrades of reliefs.
Gandhara School of sculpture carved first Buddha statues. Gandhara is in northwest Pakistan.
It was first in Lateran Palace and then in Piazza del Campidoglio until recently moved inside and replaced by replica.
Bamiyan is northwest of Kabul. Kushan Dynasty of 3rd century sculpted them.
New Persian reliefs are in rocks near Persepolis.
New Persians wove silk and wool rugs with ornamental and animal designs.
Andes-Mountain Mochica and Quimbaya peoples shaped and baked clay {firing, pottery} to make pottery and created jewelry and gold sculptures.
Whole statue was 12 meters tall.
.
Constantine Style marble sarcophagi were made.
Germanic metal arts used orderly arrangements of ornamental designs and animal figures.
Bhaja Caves are in Maharashtra in south India.
Islamic pottery used special shine {lustre}.
Indian peoples started new foam and mist sculpting style.
First in Tingchow during the Five Dynasties [907 to 960] and later during the Sung Dynasty [960 to 1297], workers hardened translucent white non-porous clay to a smooth finish {porcelain, Ting}. Pai Ting (White Ting) is best. Tu Ting (Earth Ting) has cream-white glaze. Fen Ting (Flour Ting) is lowest. Nan Ting (Southern Ting) has same gradations. Kuan is royal porcelain. Yuan, Ming, Ching, and Sung porcelain are of equal value. Kiln gloss decreases over time.
Theophano was wife of Otto II and mother of Otto III and regent [973 to 991] and commissioned it.
Tamil is most southern state of India.
Archbishop Gero lived ? to 976 and commissioned it.
Gardeners began growing miniature plants {bonsai}.
Jaina and Buddhist art mixed in north India.
Bernward was bishop [993 to 1022]. Hildesheim is in Lower Saxony, Germany in northwest Germany.
Nataraja was in south India. Chola period [860 to 1279] built many temples.
Parvati is in south India. Body has head tilted to left, trunk tilted to right, and hips tilted to left in triple flexion. Male pelvic shape prevents this pose.
He molded Romanesque metal work.
Vézelay is in Burgundy or Bourgogne in central France.
He lived ? to 1150.
The pope crowned Roger II of Sicily [1095 to 1154].
Figures have symmetrical arrangement on door jambs.
Gard is in Provence in south France.
Herat is in northwest Afghanistan.
Brunswick is Braunschweig.
He lived 1150 to 1230 and was of Parma School.
Islamic luster technique allowed many colors {minai}, because it applied metallic oxides after first glazing and then refired pottery at lower temperature. Such enamel tiles started in Seljuk regions of Iran, such as at Alaeddin Palace in Konya during reign of Kilic Arsalan II [1156 to 1192].
Seljuk barbotine technique used rosettes, animals, and foliates.
Sgraffiato technique [800 to 900] in Islamic and Christian art incises foliate, geometric, animal, and human designs onto clay, covers ceramic with yellow-brown, green, or polychrome transparent glaze, and refires.
Champleve technique engraves deep, wide grooves filled with dark brown or black colors with transparent colorless, green, brown, or polychrome glaze.
Early Africans shaped terracotta portrait heads. Artists worked wax into face, covered wax with earth, heated to bake earth and melt wax in the ciré-perdue process (lost-wax process), and then poured bronze into mold.
Africans carved symmetrical human and animal masks.
Native Americans carved realistic or geometric wood and shell masks.
North-American Indians carved asymmetrical and unreal wood and bark masks, sometimes about myths.
South-Pacific islanders carved asymmetrical and unreal wood and bark masks, sometimes about myths.
Gothic statues have slender S-shaped bodies, small round faces, drapery folds, and strong smiles {Parisian style}.
Rheims is in north France.
Naumburg is in northeast Germany.
He lived 1220 to 1284.
He lived 1250 to 1314.
Strasbourg is in Alsace in east France.
It came from St. Aignan in Loire region.
He lived 1290 to 1349.
He lived 1350 to 1406.
Early Renaissance relief was very shallow {schiacciato, relief}, using light and shadow.
He lived 1386 to 1466.
He lived 1404 to 1472.
Avignon is in Provence and Camargue in southeast France.
He lived 1435 to 1488.
They were in Flanders in south Belgium.
He lived 1475 to 1564 and used mental force in calm body {action-in-repose, Michelangelo}.
Benin-kingdom bronze portrait heads can have simple bodies.
Two are in Los Angeles County Museum of Art and Victoria and Albert Museum.
He lived 1435 to 1509, was from Germany, carved wood, and painted.
He lived 1500 to 1571.
He lived 1535 to 1590.
Early Pacific Islanders carved many long, giant, staring, chiseled faces {moai} from soft volcanic tufa stone. They connect to large carved and buried bodies, up to 10 meters deep, and peer out to sea. They used to have flat red rocks on head tops. Inhabitants also buried ash and bones with the statues. In Polynesian, it is Rapa Nui.
Baroque artists etched metal plates and printed on paper {etching}.
He lived 1598 to 1680.
He lived 1622 to 1694.
He lived 1741 to 1828.
He lived 1741 to 1791.
He lived 1784 to 1855.
He lived 1790 to 1852.
He lived 1812 to 1852.
He lived 1840 to 1917.
He lived 1861 to 1944.
He lived 1870 to 1938.
He lived 1880 to 1959 and was Expressionist.
He lived 1882 to 1916, was Futurist, and used Cubist ideas.
He lived 1881 to 1919.
Artists built moving collages in three dimensions {kinetic sculpture}.
He lived 1876 to 1957, was Primevalist, and used primitive influences. He sculpted in metal, marble, and wood.
He lived 1902 to 1981 and started International Style.
He lived 1867 to 1941.
He lived 1898 to 1986 and was Primevalist.
He lived 1886 to 1966 and founded a non-sensical irrational style {Dadaism}.
He lived 1898 to 1976 and balanced movable pieces connected by wires {mobile sculpture} and stationary structures {stabile sculpture}.
He lived 1869 to 1943.
He lived 1907 to 1978 and molded plywood chairs.
He lived 1891 to 1973 and built transparent sculptures.
He lived 1936 to ? and was Thomas Wilfred's student. Laszlo Moholy-Nagy built Light-Space Modulator [1922 to 1930], with light bulbs, reflectors, and filters. Wilfred built Lumia, such as his Clavilux [1922 to 1925], with lenses, color filters, mirrors, prisms, and projectors.
He lived 1928 to ? and built gigantic works.
It was heavy and angular.
It used primitive and Tuscan themes.
It was classical.
It is classical.
Style derived from Gothic cathedrals and used carved and heavy pieces, sometimes with iron bands, such as chests and X-framed chairs.
It was classical style.
It was baroque.
It is heavy and ornate.
It is classical.
It had carving or paneling. Chairs had high backs.
Heavy, carved, and austere style began.
King James I style [1603 to 1625] used upholstery and Italianate carving, especially arabesques on cupboards.
It was intricate and fluid.
It was angular and heavy, using Italian style plus Spain and Flanders.
It was classical.
Subdued Baroque style of Louis XIV [1643 to 1715] was formal and used carved or painted animals, mythological animals, fruit and flower garlands, and fleur-de-lis.
King William III and Queen Mary II [1670 to 1690] style used Dutch influences, such as floral marquetry and oyster shell veneer.
He lived 1751 to 1806. It was a light linear neoclassical style based on Adam and Hepplewhite. It used contrasting veneers, inlay, and painted decorations. Chair backs had urns, swags, or lyres.
It is simple and austere.
Hardwoods with scrollwork and curves derived from Régence and Baroque.
It used lacquer or bamboo.
Style differed from previous French style. Walnut veneer, gentle curves, cabriole legs, and serpentine arms were in secretaries and china cupboards.
Style derived from Queen Anne, but added decorations and ornaments, such as leaves, masks, and eagle and lion heads and claws.
During regency from death of Louis XIV [1715] to ascension of Louis XV [1723], furniture moved from Baroque to rococo.
Rococo style of Louis XV [1732 to 1774] was small and rounded, with ornaments. Veneers often had Oriental lacquer or porcelain plaques.
Style used Gothic arches and tracery.
Style used Greek, Roman, and Egyptian designs of archaeological finds.
It derived from Windsor style.
Robert lived 1728 to 1792. James lived 1732 to 1794. It replaced Rococo and Palladian.
He lived 1718 to 1779. It derived from late Baroque, Rococo, Louis XV, and Georgian. Chippendale Gothic and Chinese Chippendale derived from it.
Neoclassical style of Louis XVI [1774 to 1792] was geometric with architectural decoration.
He lived 1730 to 1792 and manufactured china.
Style derived from Adam, Hepplewhite, and Sheraton.
He lived ? to 1786 and drew furniture designs [1786]. Style derived from Adam and neoclassical but was lighter and more curved. Chairs can have Prince-of-Wales feathers on back.
Style removed royal traits from Louis XVI.
He lived 1768 to 1854 and defined Federal style. He used rectilinear style, with veneer, inlay, and brass feet.
Prince of Wales [1811 to 1820] style derived from French Directoire and Empire styles and used Greek and Roman furniture designs, such as Klismos chair.
Strong and simple style derived from French Empire. Biedermeier was a cartoon figure representing German country gentlemen.
It is light and functional.
Cheaper and simpler styles came from main styles.
Practical design used plain wood in smooth lines, such as in ladder-back chair.
It is heavy and ornate.
Neoclassical, Egyptian, and Roman imperial style used decorated woods and metals, featuring bees, crowns, laurels, mythological figures, and letter N.
He lived 1795 to 1852. First mass produced furniture in USA.
It was heavy, carved, and austere.
Style mixed Gothic and Neoclassical.
He lived 1796 to 1871.
Queen Victoria [1837 to 1901] style derived from rococo and Louis XV, using curves, horsehair upholstery, and carving.
It used floral designs and curves.
William Morris lived 1834 to 1896 and led Arts and Crafts movement.
Morris lived 1834 to 1896. Ruskin lived 1819 to 1900. Stickley lived 1858 to 1942. They started a craft style {Arts and Crafts movement}.
He lived 1858 to 1942. Oak furniture design derived from English Arts and Crafts. Gustav Stickley and Roycroft Community were in upstate New York State. Craftsman Magazine [1901] featured its designs.
German Bauhaus designers, such as Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, used simple lines with no decoration and used chrome and glass. It allowed factory production.
It used molded wood and plywood.
It used plastic and metal in architecture, interior design, and industrial design.
Style derived from Art Deco and International. It was asymmetric or contrasted curves and straight lines, used polished surfaces and plastic, and used skyscraper designs.
He lived 1860 to 1945 and was jewelry maker instrumental in Art Nouveau and Art Deco. He worked in glass, enamel, and stones.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225