topographic maps and coordinate axes

Topographic-map-neuron types have regular horizontal, vertical, and diagonal spacings, at different small, medium, and large distances. Neuron grids make a spatial network of nodes and links. Neuron grids allow measuring distances and angles and using coordinates. Topographic-map neuron grids have up/down, left/right, and near/far axes {topographic maps and coordinate axes}. Topographic-map spatial axes intersect to establish a coordinate origin and make a coordinate system, so points, lines, and regions have spatial coordinates.

Sensory topographic maps can have lattices of superficial pyramidal cells, whose non-myelinated non-branched axons travel horizontally 0.4 to 0.9 millimeters to synapse in clusters on next superficial pyramidal cells. The skipping pattern aids macrocolumn neuron-excitation synchronization [Calvin, 1995].

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