Perception evolved, from Protista to humans {perception, evolution} {evolution, perception}.
protozoa
Stimulus Detection: Cell-membrane receptor molecules respond to pressure, light, or chemicals.
Potential Difference: Cell-membrane ion channels actively transport ions across membrane, to build concentration gradients and set up electric-voltage differences, and open and close to vary membrane potential locally.
marine metazoa
Neurons and Glands: Ectoderm develops into sense receptors, nerves, and outer skin. Mesoderm develops into muscles and glands, which release hormones to regulate cell metabolism. Endoderm develops into digestive tract.
Neuron Coordination: Sense receptors and neurons have membrane electrical and chemical connections, allowing information transfer and cell coordination.
Nerve Excitation: Excitation raises membrane potential to make reaching impulse threshold easier or to amplify stimuli.
Nerve Inhibition: Inhibition damps competing weaker stimuli to leave stronger stimuli, or more quickly damps neuron potential back to resting state to allow timing.
Bilateria
Bilateral Symmetry: Flatworms have symmetrical right and left sides and have front and back.
Ganglia: Neuron assemblies are functionally organized.
deuterostomes
Supporting Systems: Flatworm embryos have enterocoelom; separate mouth, muscular gut, and anus; and circulatory system. Embryo inner tube opens to outside at anus, not head.
Chordata
Body Structure: Larval and adult stages have notochord and elongated bodies, with distinct heads, trunks, and tails and repeated body structures.
Nervous System: Chordates have head ganglion, dorsal hollow nerve, and peripheral nerves.
Reflexes: Sense receptors send electrochemical signals to neurons that send electrochemical signals to neurons that send electrochemical signals to muscle or gland cells, to make reflex arcs.
Interneurons: Interneurons connect reflex arcs and other neuron pathways, allowing simultaneous mutual interactions, alternate pathways, and networks.
Association: Interneurons associate pathway neuron states with other-pathway neuron states. Simultaneous stimulation of associated neurons modifies membrane potentials and impulse thresholds.
Attention: Association allows input acknowledgement and so simple attention.
Circuits and Sequences: Association series build neuron circuits. Outside stimulation causes electrochemical signal flows and enzyme releases. Circuit flows calculate algorithms and spread stimulus effects over time and space. Circuits have signal sequences. Circuit sets have signal patterns.
Receptor and Neuron Arrays and Feature Detection: Sense-receptor and neuron two-dimensional arrays detect spatial and temporal stimulus-intensity patterns, and so constancies, covariances, and contravariances over time and/or space, to find curvatures, edges, gradients, flows, and sense features.
Topographic Maps and Spatial and Temporal Locations: Neuron arrays are topographic, with spatial layouts similar to body surfaces and space. Electrochemical signals stay organized spatially and temporally and so carry information about spatial and temporal location. Topographic maps receive electrochemical-signal vector-field wave fronts, transform them using tensors, and output electrochemical-signal vector-field wave fronts that represent objects and events.
Memory: Secondary neuron arrays, maps, and circuits store associative-learning memories.
Recall: Secondary neuron arrays, maps, and circuits recall associative-learning memories, to inhibit or excite neuron arrays that control muscles and glands.
vertebrates/fish
Brain: Hindbrain has motor cerebellum and sleep, wakefulness, and sense ganglia. Midbrain has sense ganglia. Forebrain has vision occipital lobe, hearing-equilibrium temporal lobe, touch-temperature-motor parietal lobe, and smell frontal lobe.
Balance: Vestibular system maintains balance.
fresh-water lobe-finned fish
Hearing: Eardrum helps amplify sound.
amphibians
Early amphibians had no new sense or nervous-system features.
reptiles
Cortex: Paleocortex has two cell layers.
Vision: Parietal eye detects infrared light.
anapsids, diapsids, synapsids, pelycosaurs, pristerognathids
Early anapsids, diapsids, asynapsids, pelycosaurs, and pristerognathids had no new nerve or sense features.
therapsids
Hearing: Outer ear has pinna.
Thermoregulation: Therapsids have thermoregulation.
cynodonts, Eutheria, Tribosphenida, monotremes, Theria
Early cynodonts, Eutheria, Tribosphenida, monotremes, and Theria had no new nerve or sense features.
mammals
Neocortex: Neocortex has four cell layers.
Vision: Vision sees color.
Stationary Three-Dimensional Space: Vision has fixed reference frame and stationary three-dimensional space.
insectivores
Vision: Forward vision has eyes at face front, and eye visual fields overlap.
primates, prosimians, monkeys
Early primates, prosimians, and monkeys had no new nerve or sense features.
Old World monkeys
Vision: Vision is trichromatic.
apes
Vision: Chimpanzees and humans over two years old can recognize themselves using mirror reflections and can use mirrors to look at themselves and reach body-surface locations.
anthropoid apes
Frontal Lobes: Neocortex frontal lobes are about memory and space, planning and prediction.
hominins
Multisensory Cortex: Neocortex has multisensory regions and two more cell layers, making six layers.
humans
Brain: Frontal lobes have better spatial organization. Parietal lobes have better communication. New associational cortex is for perception and motion coordination. Language: Neocortex has language areas.
Consciousness>Consciousness>Sense
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Date Modified: 2022.0224