If an object moves behind a slit, people can faintly glimpse whole object {anorthoscopic perception}. Object foreshortens along motion direction. People can also recognize an object that they see moving behind a pinhole, because memory and perception work together.
People wearing glasses that make everything appear inverted or rotated {visual distortion} {distortion, vision} soon learn to move around and perform tasks while seeing world upside down. Visual distortion adaptation involves central-nervous-system sense and motor neuron coding changes, not sense-organ or muscle changes. Eye, head, and arm position-sensations change, but retinal-image-position sensations do not change. People do not need to move to adapt to visual distortion.
To try to induce ESP, illumination can be all white or pink with no features, and sound can be white noise {ganzfeld} {autoganzfeld}.
Gratings {grating, vision} have alternating dark bars and light bars. Each visual-angle degree has some bar pairs {cycles per degree}. Gratings have cycles per visual-angle degree {spatial frequency, grating}. Gratings {phase, grating} can have relative visual-image positions. Gratings {sine wave grating} can have luminance variation like sine waves, rather than sharp edges.
Figure sets {Mooney figures}, to display at different orientations or inversions, can show ambiguous faces (C. M. Mooney) [1957]. Faces have analytic face features and different configurations, so people typically perceive only half as faces.
Instruments {ophthalmoscope}| can allow viewing retina and optic nerve.
At one location, many different stimuli can quickly appear and disappear {rapid serial visual presentation} (RSVP), typically eight images per second.
Three-dimensional graphs {spectrogram} can show time on horizontal axis, frequency on vertical axis, and intensity as blue-to-red color or lighter to darker gray.
Picture pairs {stereogram}| can have right-eye and left-eye images, for use in stereoscopes. Without stereoscopes, people can use convergence or divergence {free fusion} to resolve stereograms and fuse images.
If people stare at circle center, circle fades {Troxler test} (Ignaz Troxler) [1804].
If eyes see different images, people see first one image and then the other {binocular rivalry}| [Andrews and Purves, 1997] [Andrews et al., 1997] [Blake, 1989] [Blake, 1998] [Blake and Fox, 1974] [Blake and Logothetis, 2002] [Dacey et al., 2003] [de Lima et al., 1990] [Engel and Singer, 2001] [Engel et al., 1999] [Epstein and Kanwisher, 1998] [Fries et al., 1997] [Fries et al., 2001] [Gail et al., 2004] [Gold and Shadlen, 2002] [Kleinschmidt et al., 1998] [Lee and Blake, 1999] [Lehky and Maunsell, 1996] [Lehky and Sejnowski, 1988] [Leopold and Logothetis, 1996] [Leopold and Logothetis, 1999] [Leopold et al., 2002] [Levelt, 1965] [Logothetis, 1998] [Logothetis, 2003] [Logothetis and Schall, 1989] [Logothetis et al., 1996] [Lumer and Rees, 1999] [Lumer et al., 1998] [Macknik and Martinez-Conde, 2004] [Meenan and Miller, 1994] [Murayama et al., 2000] [Myerson et al., 1981] [Parker and Krug, 2003] [Pettigrew and Miller, 1998] [Polonsky et al., 2000] [Ricci and Blundo, 1990] [Sheinberg and Logothetis, 1997] [Tong and Engel, 2001] [Tong et al., 1998] [Wilkins et al., 1987] [Yang et al., 1992]. Vision has disparity detectors [Blakemore and Greenfield, 1987].
In binocular rivalry, vision sees one image {dominant image} with more contrast, higher spatial frequency, and/or more familiarity for more time.
If eyes see different images and briefly presented stimulus follows one image, that image is less intense and people see other image more {flash suppression} [Krieman et al., 2002] [Sheinberg and Logothetis, 1997] [Wolfe, 1984] [Wolfe, 1999].
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Date Modified: 2022.0225