Sense systems {kinesthesia}| {kinesthesis} {kinesthetic sense} {proprioception} use mechanoreceptors to detect relative body-part positions, angles, forces, torques, and motions, including position changes during and after movements. Kinesthetic system measures body-point displacements from equilibrium and then calculates relative point-pair distances and point-triple angles. Body movements and outside forces move body points sequentially and change body-point relations in regular and repeated ways, so brain builds and remembers motor patterns that allow muscle coordination and balance. Kinesthesia is not conscious, because it is internal.
relations: touch
Touch detects body-surface pressures and temperatures and coordinates with kinesthesia to determine true distances and times.
relations: proprioception
Kinesthesia includes proprioception.
relations: vestibular system
Kinesthetic system includes vestibular system.
relations: cerebellum
Cerebellum coordinates body movements and communicates with kinesthetic system.
problems
Proprioceptive receptor and nerve inflammation impairs body-position sensation. Nerve damage can impair movement consciousness.
Kinesthesia, touch, and vestibular system {somatosensation} provide body information.
Kinesthesia-and-touch pressure and vibration receptors {mechanoreceptor} detect relative body-part positions, including position changes caused by movements.
Muscle mechanoreceptors {annulospiral ending} code muscle length and muscle-length-change rate and send positive feedback to muscle.
Muscle mechanoreceptors {flower spray ending} code muscle length, slowly excite flexor muscles, and slowly inhibit extensor muscles.
To react to fast tendon-length change, tendon mechanoreceptors {Golgi tendon organ} measure tension above (high) threshold, detect inverse-stretch-reflex active contraction, and send negative feedback to muscles attached to tendons.
Muscle mechanoreceptors {muscle spindle} measure tension.
Muscles, tendons, joints, alimentary canal, and bladder have mechanoreceptors {stretch receptor}, such as flower-spray endings and annulospiral endings, that detect pulling and stretching. Neck muscle-and-joint stretch receptors indicate head direction with respect to body.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225